Non-specialist psychosocial support interventions for women living with HIV: A systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram of identified and included citations.

Table 1. Study Rigor assessment.

Study	Random assignment (group or individual) to the intervention	Comparison groups equivalent at baseline on socio-demographics	Comparison groups equivalent at baseline on outcome measures	Time period and follow-up rate
Mundell et al. (2011)	No	No	No: Depression higher in intervention group	2 months & 8 months 69% comparison; 90% intervention
Kaaya et al. (2013)	Yes	Yes	Yes	8–10 weeks 84.3% standard of care; 81.5% intervention
Eloff et al. (2014)	Yes	No	Yes	18 months 88% standard of care; 81% intervention; 72% completed all 3 interviews
Futterman et al. (2010)	No	No	No: Depression higher in intervention group	6 months 40% control; 48% intervention
Richter et al. (2014)	Yes	Yes	Yes	1.5 months 71% standard of care; 69% intervention
Wingood et al. (2004)	Yes	No	Yes	12 months 90.3% comparison; 85.2% intervention
Klein et al. (2013)	Yes	Yes	No: Having someone to confide in about HIV lower in intervention group^a	3 months 98.9% control; 93.1% intervention
Echenique et al. (2013)	Yes	Yes	Not reported^t	6 months 41% control; 32.5% intervention
Miles et al. (2003)	Yes	No	Not reported	1 month & 6 months 1 month: 74.0% control; 62.7% intervention 6 months: 58.0% control; 50.8% intervention

^aAlso not equivalent on other outcome measures not of direct interest to this review; ^tEquivalent on other outcome measure not of direct interest to this review.

Table 2. Psychosocial support outcome measures in included studies.

Psychosocial support outcome measured	Studies utilizing measure	Measurement tool
Self-esteem	Mundell et al. (2011), Klein et al. (2013)	Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale 10-item likert; 10-item scale (unspecified)
Coping (Active, Positive, Self-coping	Eloff et al. (2014), Futterman et al. (2010), Mundell et al. (2011), Klein et al. (2013)	Brief COPE (3 studies including active, self, positive), 18-item coping scale (unspecified)
Avoidant coping	Mundell et al. (2011), Eloff et al. (2014)	Brief COPE (2 studies)
Coping: help from others	Eloff et al. (2014)	Brief COPE
Positives Social support	Mundell et al. (2011), Klein et al. (2013)	Multidimensional Social Support Inventory, 23-question scale (unspecified)
Social support availability	Wingood et al. (2004), Futterman et al. (2010)	Number of network ties; Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey
Social support satisfaction	Futterman et al. (2010)	Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey
Negative social support	Mundell et al. (2011)	Multidimensional Social Support Inventory
Depression	Eloff et al. (2014), Futterman et al. (2010), Miles et al. (2003), Mundell et al. (2011), Kaaya et al. (2013), Richter et al. (2014)	Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) (4 studies); 15-item depression subscale of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25); General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)
HIV discomfort	Futterman et al. (2010)	Read scenarios, replied with discomfort level on Likert scale
HIV stigma (perceived)	Echenique et al. (2013), Miles et al. (2003)	HIV Stigma Scale; Demi HIV Stigma Scale
Mood	Miles et al. (2003)	Profile of Mood States
HIV worry	Miles et al. (2003)	HIV Worry Scale designed for study
Stress	Klein et al. (2013)	14-item stress scale (unspecified)

Mundell, J. P., Visser, M. J., Makin, J. D., Kershaw, T. S., Forsyth, B. W. C., Jeffery, B., & Sikkema, K. J. (2011). The impact of structured support groups for pregnant South African women recently diagnosed HIV positive. [Yes]. Women & Health, 51(6), 546–565. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2011.606356

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kaaya, S. F., Blander, J., Antelman, G., Cyprian, F., Emmons, K. M., Matsumoto, K., … Fawzi, M. C. S. (2013). Randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of an interactive group counseling intervention for HIV-positive women on prenatal depression and disclosure of HIV status. [Yes]. AIDS Care, 25(7), 854–862. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2013.763891

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Eloff, I., Finestone, M., Makin, J. D., Boeving-Allen, A., Visser, M., Ebersohn, L., … Forsyth, B. W. (2014). A randomized clinical trial of an intervention to promote resilience in young children of HIV-positive mothers in South Africa. AIDS (London, England), 28(Suppl. 3), S347–S357. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000335

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Futterman, D., Shea, J., Besser, M., Stafford, S., Desmond, K., Comulada, W. S., & Greco, E. (2010). Mamekhaya: A pilot study combining a cognitive-behavioral intervention and mentor mothers with PMTCT services in South Africa. AIDS Care, 22(9), 1093–1100. doi: 10.1080/09540121003600352

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Richter, L., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Van Heerden, A., Stein, A., Tomlinson, M., Harwood, J. M., … Tang, Z. (2014). Pregnant women living with HIV (WLH) supported at clinics by peer WLH: A cluster randomized controlled trial. AIDS and Behavior, 18(4), 706–715. doi: 10.1007/s10461-014-0694-2

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wingood, G. M., DiClemente, R. J., Mikhail, I., Lang, D. L., McCree, D. H., Davies, S. L., … Saag, M. (2004). A randomized controlled trial to reduce HIV transmission risk behaviors and sexually transmitted diseases among women living with HIV: The WiLLOW program. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 37(Suppl. 2), S58–S67. doi: 10.1097/01.qai.0000140603.57478.a9

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Klein, C. H., Lomonaco, C. G., Pavlescak, R., & Card, J. J. (2013). WiLLOW: Reaching HIV-positive african-American women through a computer-delivered intervention. AIDS and Behavior, 17(9), 3013–3023. doi: 10.1007/s10461-013-0479-z

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Echenique, M., Illa, L., Saint-Jean, G., Avellaneda, V. B., Sanchez-Martinez, M., & Eisdorfer, C. (2013). Impact of a secondary prevention intervention among HIV-positive older women. AIDS Care, 25(4), 443–446. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2012.712666

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Miles, M. S., Holditch-Davis, D., Eron, J., Black, B. P., Pedersen, C., & Harris, D. A. (2003). An HIV self-care symptom management intervention for african American mothers. Nursing Research, 52(6), 350–360. doi: 10.1097/00006199-200311000-00002

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar