Factors associated with uptake of home-based HIV counselling and testing and HIV care services among identified HIV-positive persons in Masaka, Uganda

Figures & data

Table 1. Factors associated with uptake of HBHCT in Masaka, Uganda.

			Crude analysis		Adjusted analysis
	N	Accepted HBHCT (%)	OR (95% CI)	P-value	aOR (95% CI)§	P-value
Total	13455	12100	–	–	–	–
Age and sex
Median age in years (IQR)	32 (24–46)	31 (23–45)	–	–	–	–
Age group (years)
18–24	3732	3595 (96.3)	1	<0.001	1	<0.001
25–34	3550	3258 (91.8)	0.42 (0.34–0.52)		0.42 (0.34–0.52)
35–44	2419	2152 (89.0)	0.31 (0.25–0.38)		0.31 (0.25–0.38)
45+	3651	3094 (84.7)	0.21 (0.17–0.26)		0.21 (0.17–0.26)
Missing age	103	1 (<1.0)	–		–	–
Sex
Female	7618	6827 (89.6)	1	0.13	1	0.003
Male	5837	5273 (90.3)	1.09 (0.97–1.23)		1.20 (1.07–1.36)
Cluster-level variables					aOR (95% CI)*
Distance from district capital (stratum)
≥10 Km	7956	7106 (89.3)	1	0.23	1	0.41
<10 Km	5499	4994 (90.8)	1.17 (0.91–1.52)		1.10 (0.87–1.39)
Presence of a trading centre
No	6825	6095 (89.3)	1	0.43	1	0.39
Yes	6630	6005 (90.6)	1.11 (0.86–1.44)		1.11 (0.88–1.39)
Located on lakeshore
No	11079	9988 (90.2)	1	0.44	1	0.39
Yes	2376	2112 (88.9)	0.87 (0.60–1.24)		0.87 (0.63–1.20)
HIV clinic within 5 km
No	2995	2665 (90.0)	1	0.40	1	0.48
Yes	10460	9435 (90.2)	1.14 (0.84–1.56)		1.11 (0.84–1.46)
Located along a major road
No	9823	8870 (90.3)	1	0.43	1	0.20
Yes	3632	3,230 (88.9)	0.89 (0.66–1.19)		0.84 (0.65–1.09)

§Age and sex included a priori; IQR, interquartile range; *Adjusted for age and sex.

Table 2. Factors associated with linkage to HIV care after HBHCT in Masaka, Uganda.

	N (Column %)	Linked (Row %)	Crude analysis		Adjusted analysis
			OR (95% CI)	P-value	aOR (95% CI)§	P-value
Total	302	127
Age and sex
Median age in years (IQR)	30 (25–39)	31 (26–42)	–	–	–	–
Age group (years)
18–24	71 (23.5)	25 (35.2)	1	0.37	1	0.28
25–34	121 (40.1)	51 (42.2)	1.30 (0.69–2.45)		1.28 (0.68–2.40)
35–44	59 (19.5)	24 (40.7)	1.16 (0.55–2.45)		1.23 (0.59–2.60)
≥45	51 (16.9)	27 (52.9)	1.96 (0.91–4.22)		2.12 (0.99–4.55)
Sex
Female	165 (54.6)	72 (43.6)	1	0.51	1	0.44
Male	137 (45.4)	55 (40.2)	0.85 (0.53–1.38)		0.83 (0.51–1.34)
Cluster-level factors					aOR (95% CI)*
Presence of a trading centre						0.92
No	177 (58.6)	72 (40.7)	1	0.73	0.97 (0.54–1.73)
Yes	125 (41.4)	55 (44.0)	1.12 (0.60–2.09)
Located on lakeshore
No	237 (78.5)	100 (42.2)	1	0.95	1	0.90
Yes	65 (21.5)	27 (41.5)	1.03 (0.45–2.33)		0.95 (0.46–1.96)
HIV clinic within 5 km
No	80 (26.5)	31 (38.8)	1	0.69	1	0.75
Yes	222 (73.5)	96 (43.2)	1.16 (0.56–2.41)		0.90 (0.45–1.78)
Located along a major road
No	216 (71.5)	87 (40.3)	1	0.46	1	0.47
Yes	86 (28.5)	40 (46.5)	1.30 (0.65–2.59)		1.26 (0.67–2.36)
Individual-level sociodemographic factors					aOR (95% CI)*
Marital status
Married/cohabiting	182 (60.3)	75 (41.2)	1	0.41	1	0.86
Single	48 (15.9)	17 (35.4)	0.79 (0.39–1.58)		0.84 (0.42–1.70)
Divorced/separated/widowed	72 (23.8)	35 (48.6)	1.33 (0.74–2.37)		1.05 (0.57–1.93)
Education
None/incomplete primary	182 (60.3)	78 (42.9)	1	0.94	1	0.86
Primary	66 (21.9)	26 (39.4)	0.90 (0.49–1.66)		0.84 (0.46–1.56)
Above primary	54 (17.9)	23 (42.6)	0.93 (0.49–1.78)		0.92 (0.48–1.77)
Socio-economic status
Low	117 (38.7)	50 (42.7)	1	0.91	1	0.93
Middle	108 (35.8)	46 (42.6)	1.01 (0.58–1.77)		1.04 (0.60–1.81)
High	77 (25.5)	31 (40.3)	0.89 (0.48–1.66)		0.92 (0.49–1.72)
Religion
Catholic	213 (70.5)	88 (41.3)	1	0.17	1	0.20
Anglican	42 (13.9)	22 (52.4)	1.55 (0.76–3.15)		1.45 (0.71–2.96)
Muslim	34 (11.3)	10 (29.4)	0.54 (0.23–1.26)		0.53 (0.23–1.22)
Other	13 (4.3)	7 (53.9)	1.70 (0.52–5.50		1.48 (0.45–4.83)
Time to nearest HIV clinic
<30 min	86 (28.5)	44 (51.2)	1	0.05	1	0.11
≥30 min	216 (71.5)	83 (38.4)	0.58 (0.33–0.99)		0.64 (0.36–1.11)
HCT history factors					aOR (95% CI)*
Ever tested for HIV
No	59 (19.5)	24 (40.7)	1	0.75	1	0.87
Yes	243 (80.5)	103 (42.4)	1.10 (0.60–2.02)		1.05 (0.57–1.95)
Aware of HIV-positive status
No	265 (87.7)	112 (42.3)	1	0.91	1	0.87
Yes	37 (12.3)	15 (40.5)	0.96 (0.46–2.00)		0.94 (0.45–1.96)

§Adjusted for trial arm and stratum; IQR, interquartile range; *Adjusted for trial arm, stratum, age and sex.

Table 3. Factors associated with obtaining CD4 counts and initiation of ART after HBHCT in Masaka, Uganda.

	Obtaining CD4 counts			Initiating ART
	N (%)	Crude analysis	Adjusted analysis	N (%)	Crude analysis	Adjusted analysis
		OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)§		OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)§
Age and sex
Age group (years)		P = 0.30	P = 0.21		P = 0.10	P = 0.10
18–24	21 (29.6)	1	1	19 (27.8)	1	1
25–34	42 (34.7)	1.22 (0.63–2.37)	1.21 (0.63–2.32)	36 (29.8)	1.14 (0.59–2.23)	1.11 (0.57–2.17)
35–44	20 (33.9)	1.11 (0.51–2.42)	1.23 (0.57–2.69)	13 (22.0)	0.75 (0.33–1.71)	0.78 (0.34–1.79)
≥45	24 (47.1)	2.04 (0.94–4.47)	2.24 (1.03–4.88)	22 (43.1)	2.09 (0.96–4.55)	2.14 (0.98–4.65)
Sex		P = 0.74	P = 0.66		P = 0.36	P = 0.39
Female	60 (36.4)	1	1	53 (32.1)	1	1
Male	47 (34.3)	0.92 (0.56–1.51)	0.89 (0.54–1.47)	37 (27.0)	0.79 (0.48–1.31)	0.80 (0.48–1.33)
Cluster-level factors			aOR (95% CI)*			aOR (95% CI)*
Presence of a trading centre		P = 0.93	P = 0.70		P = 0.55	P = 0.43
No	62 (35.0)	1	1	50 (28.3)	1	1
Yes	45 (36.0)	1.03 (0.54–1.95)	0.90 (0.51–1.58)	40 (32.0)	1.18 (0.68–2.06)	1.26 (0.72–2.19)
Located on lakeshore		P = 0.83	P = 0.76		P = 0.58	P = 0.66
No	85 (35.9)	1	1	73 (30.8)	1	1
Yes	22 (33.9)	0.91 (0.40–2.10)	0.90 (0.45–1.79)	17 (26.2)	0.82 (0.41–1.65)	0.85 (0.41–1.76)
HIV clinic within 5 km		P = 0.43	P = 0.88		P = 0.74	P = 0.74
No	25 (31.3)	1	1	22 (27.5)	1	1
Yes	82 (36.9)	1.36 (0.64–2.89)	0.95 (0.50–1.81)	68 (30.6)	1.12 (0.59–2.14)	0.89 (0.43–1.81)
Located along a major road		P = 0.34	P = 0.56		P = 0.18	P = 0.34
No	72 (33.3)	1	1	59 (27.3)	1	1
Yes	35 (40.7)	1.40 (0.70–2.82)	1.25 (0.68–2.31)	31 (36.1)	1.49 (0.84–2.64)	1.36 (0.73–2.54)
Individual-level sociodemographic factors			aOR (95% CI)*			aOR (95% CI)*
Marital status		P = 0.59	P = 0.87		P = 0.19	P = 0.06
Married/cohabiting	60 (33.0)	1	1	61 (33.5)	1	1
Single	17 (35.4)	1.12 (0.55–2.25)	1.20 (0.59–2.43)	11 (22.9)	0.57 (0.27–1.23)	0.60 (0.28–1.31)
Divorced/separated/widowed	30 (41.7)	1.37 (0.75–2.47)	1.08 (0.58–2.01)	18 (25.0)	0.64 (0.34–1.21)	0.47 (0.23–0.93)
Education		P = 0.98	P = 0.90		P = 0.87	P = 0.74
None/incomplete primary	65 (35.7)	1	1	56 (30.8)	1	1
Primary	22 (33.3)	0.95 (0.50–1.78)	0.86 (0.46–1.62)	18 (27.3)	0.85 (0.45–1.61)	0.78 (0.40–1.49)
Above primary	20 (37.0)	1.00 (0.52–1.94)	0.99 (0.51–1.93)	16 (29.6)	0.92 (0.47–1.82)	0.89 (0.45–1.78)
Socio-economic status		P = 0.98	P = 0.97		P = 0.70	P = 0.80
Low	41 (35.0)	1	1	38 (32.5)	1	1
Middle	38 (35.2)	1.04 (0.58–1.85)	1.06 (0.60–1.87)	30 (27.8)	0.80 (0.44–1.43)	0.83 (0.46–1.50)
High	28 (36.4)	1.07 (0.57–2.02)	1.07 (0.57–2.03)	42 (28.6)	0.81 (0.42–1.54)	0.84 (0.44–1.63)
Religion		P = 0.33	P = 0.39		P = 0.06	P = 0.11
Catholic	74 (34.7)	1	1	57 (26.8)	1	1
Anglican	19 (45.2)	1.59 (0.78–3.27)	1.40 (0.68–2.89)	19 (45.2)	2.26 (1.12–4.54)	2.03 (0.99–4.16)
Muslim	9 (26.5)	0.62 (0.26–1.48)	0.57 (0.24–1.37)	6 (23.5)	0.82 (0.35–1.96)	0.73 (0.30–1.78)
Other	5 (38.5)	1.23 (0.36–4.15)	0.95 (0.28–3.26)	8 (46.2)	2.42 (0.76–7.71)	2.17 (0.66–7.11)
Time to nearest HIV clinic		P = 0.03	P = 0.08		P = 0.58	P = 0.81
<30 min	39 (45.4)	1	1	28 (32.6)	1	1
≥30 min	68 (31.5)	0.53 (0.30–0.92)	0.60 (0.34–1.06)	62 (28.7)	0.85 (0.49–1.49)	0.93 (0.53–1.65)
HCT history factors			aOR (95% CI)†			aOR (95% CI)†
Ever tested for HIV		P = 0.80	P = 0.61		P = 0.89	P = 0.51
No	22 (37.3)	1	1	18 (30.5)	1	1
Yes	85 (35.0)	0.92 (0.50–1.71)	0.85 (0.45–1.60)	72 (29.6)	0.96 (0.51–1.79)	0.80 (0.41–1.56)
Aware of HIV-positive status		P = 0.96	P = 0.99		P = 0.22	P = 0.31
No	94 (35.5)	1	1	76 (28.7)	1	1
Yes	13 (35.1)	1.02 (0.48–2.17)	0.99 (0.46–2.14)	14 (37.8)	1.60 (0.76–3.36)	1.48 (0.69–3.18)

§Adjusted for trial arm and stratum; *Adjusted for trial arm, stratum, age and sex; †Adjusted for trial arm, stratum, age, sex and time to nearest clinic (for obtaining CD4 count outcome), or marital status (for ART initiation outcome).