School connectedness as psychological resilience factor in children affected by HIV/AIDS

Figures & data

Table 1. Pearson correlations and descriptive statistics for study variables.

	Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1	Age (years)	–	−.034	.090*	.008	.041	−.062	−.006
2	Gender		–	.058	.007	−.065	−.172***	−.114**
3	School connectedness			–	−.171***	−.061	−.090*	−.160***
4	SDQ total self-report				–	.286***	.052	.668***
5	SDQ total caregiver-report					–	.179***	.729***
6	SDQ total teacher-report						–	.612***
7	SDQ total composite							–
Descriptive statistics	Mean (n)	9.18	384	42.83	12.10	14.24	12.17	.0002
	SD (%)	1.37	51.2	6.40	4.96	6.06	7.28	.67

Note: Age = age in years; Gender, male = 0 and female = 1; descriptive statistics are number and percentage female; School Connectedness = Sum of School Connectedness Scale and School Support Scale; SDQ-Child Self-Report = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) total scale score, child self-report; SDQ-Caregiver Report = SDQ total scale score, caregiver/parent report; SDQ-Teacher Report = SDQ total scale score, teacher report.

*p < .05. **p < .01, **p < .001.

Table 2. School connectedness and child mental health problems by orphan status.

	Non-orphans		Other-orphans		AIDS-orphans		F(2, 747)	p	Contrast
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
School connectedness	43.92	5.74	42.08	6.66	42.52	6.63	5.89	.003	a > b; a > c
SDQ-child	11.81	4.68	12.24	5.34	12.24	4.79	.631	.533	–
SDQ-caregiver	13.61	5.79	14.01	6.28	15.23	5.99	4.59	.01	c > a; c > b
SDQ-teacher	10.75	6.82	13.23	7.50	12.47	7.28	7.96	<.001	b > a; c > a

Note: One-way ANOVAs with post-hoc Tukey tests were used to evaluate group differences. School Connectedness = Sum of School Connectedness Scale and School Support Scale; Non-orphans = children whose biological parents are still living; Other-orphans = children who have had at least one parent die from causes unrelated to HIV/AIDS; AIDS-orphans = children who have had at least one parent die from AIDS-related causes; SDQ-Child = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) total scale score, child self-report; SDQ-Caregiver = SDQ total scale score, caregiver/parent report; SDQ-Teacher = SDQ total scale score, teacher report.

a = Non-orphans; b = Other-orphans; c = AIDS-orphans.

Table 3. Regression model testing the interactive effect of school connectedness and orphan status (non-orphan, other-orphan, or AIDS-orphan) on SDQ total problems.

DV: SDQ Total Problems	B	SE	t	p
Gender	−.21	.07	−2.91	.004
School connectedness	−.03	.01	−2.32	.02
Orphan status: D1	.37	.61	.61	.54
Orphan status: D2	−.36	.64	−.57	.57
School connectedness × orphan status: Int1	−.004	.01	−.29	.77
School connectedness × orphan status: Int2	.01	.01	.99	.32

Note: Overall model is significant, F(6, 743) = 6.67, p < .001, R²  = .051.

SDQ Total Problems = Composite score of child, caregiver, and teacher reports of SDQ total mental health problems. School Connectedness = Sum of School Connectedness Scale and School Support Scale. Orphan status, 0 = non-orphans, 1 = other- orphans, 2 = AIDs-orphans. D₁ coding: non-orphans = 0, other-orphans = 1, AIDS-orphans = 0. D₂ coding: non-orphans = 0, other-orphans = 0, AIDS-orphans = 1. Int₁ = D₁ × School Connectedness. Int₂ = D₂ × School Connectedness.