Correlates of lifetime and past one-year HIV-testing experience among men who have sex with men in Japan

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics and lifetime HIV testing by regional cities and Tokyo and Osaka in 2015 (N=776).

	Regional cities					Tokyo and Osaka
	Yes (N=355, 65.7%)		No (N=189,34.3%)			Yes (N=179, 75.8%)		No (N=57, 24.2%)
	n	%	n	%	p ^a	n	%	n	%	p ^a
HIV testing in the past year
No	156	(43.9)	185	(100.0)	-	65	(36.3)	57	(100.0)	-
Yes	199	(56.1)	0	(0.0)		114	(63.7)	0	(0.0)
Residing Areas
Tohoku, Hokkaido	29	(8.2)	10	(5.4)	<0.001
Kanto area (except Tokyo)	60	(16.9)	9	(4.9)
Tokai	103	(29.0)	42	(22.7)
Kansai area (except Osaka)	22	(6.2)	16	(8.6)
Chyugoku, Shikoku	91	(25.6)	83	(44.9)
Kyusyu	50	(14.1)	25	(13.5)
Tokyo						110	(61.5)	36	(63.2)	0.876
Osaka						69	(38.5)	21	(36.8)
Age (years)
< 25 years old	53	(14.9)	48	(25.9)	0.005	19	(10.6)	18	(31.6)	0.001
25–35 years old	165	(46.5)	68	(36.8)		84	(46.9)	21	(36.8)
over 35	137	(38.6)	69	(37.3)		76	(42.5)	18	(31.6)
Sexual Orientation
Gay	292	(82.3)	139	(75.1)	0.055	158	(88.3)	49	(86.0)	0.647
Bisexual and other orientations	63	(17.7)	46	(24.9)		21	(11.7)	8	(14.0)
Gay bar use (past 6 months)
No	95	(26.8)	74	(40.0)	0.002	27	(15.1)	12	(21.1)	0.309
Yes	260	(73.2)	111	(60.0)		152	(84.9)	45	(78.9)
Gay sauna use (past 6 months)
No	243	(68.5)	135	(73.0)	0.322	102	(57.0)	29	(50.9)	0.447
Yes	112	(31.5)	50	(27.0)		77	(43.0)	28	(49.1)
History of syphilis (lifetime)
No	318	(89.6)	180	(97.3)	0.001	154	(86.0)	56	(98.2)	0.007
Yes	37	(10.4)	5	(2.7)		25	(14.0)	1	(1.8)
Experience talking about HIV issues (past 6 months)
No	129	(36.3)	109	(58.9)	<0.001	70	(39.1)	35	(61.4)	0.004
Yes	226	(63.7)	76	(41.1)		109	(60.9)	22	(38.6)
Recognition of HIV prevention awareness materials issued by CBOs
No recognition	197	(55.5)	129	(69.7)	0.002	104	(58.1)	48	(84.2)	<0.001
Recognition	158	(44.5)	56	(30.3)		75	(41.9)	9	(15.8)
Having had anal sex with more than 6 partners (past 6 months)
No	278	(78.3)	174	(94.1)	<0.001	134	(74.9)	48	(84.2)	0.204
Yes	77	(21.7)	11	(5.9)		45	(25.1)	9	(15.8)
Condom-less anal sex (past 6 months)
No	209	(58.9)	129	(69.7)	0.015	112	(62.6)	41	(71.9)	0.208
Yes	146	(41.1)	56	(30.3)		67	(37.4)	16	(28.1)

^a Chi-squared and Fisher’s Exact tests.

Table 2. Sociodemographic characteristics and HIV testing in the past year by regional cities and Tokyo and Osaka in 2015 (N=776).

	Regional cities					Tokyo and Osaka
	Yes (N=355, 36.9%)		No (N=189, 63.1%)			Yes (N=179, 48.3%)		No (N=57, 51.7%)
	n	%	n	%	p ^a	n	%	n	%	p ^a
Residing Areas
Tohoku, Hokkaido	19	(9.5)	20	(5.9)	<0.001
Kanto area (except Tokyo)	37	(18.6)	32	(9.4)
Tokai	73	(36.7)	72	(21.1)
Kansai area (except Osaka)	9	(4.5)	29	(8.5)
Chyugoku, Shikoku	35	(17.6)	139	(40.8)
Kyusyu	26	(13.1)	49	(14.4)
Tokyo						66	(57.9)	80	(65.6)	0.231
Osaka						48	(42.1)	42	(34.4)
Age (years)
< 25 years old	45	(22.6)	56	(16.4)	0.038	15	(13.2)	22	(18.0)	0.236
25–35 years old	91	(45.7)	142	(41.6)		57	(50.0)	48	(39.3)
over 35	63	(31.7)	143	(41.9)		42	(36.8)	52	(42.6)
Sexual Orientation
Gay	161	(80.9)	270	(79.2)	0.658	102	(89.5)	105	(86.1)	0.552
Bisexual and other orientations	38	(19.1)	71	(20.8)		12	(10.5)	17	(13.9)
Gay bar use (past 6 months)
No	49	(24.6)	120	(35.2)	0.012	14	(12.3)	25	(20.5)	0.114
Yes	150	(75.4)	221	(64.8)		100	(87.7)	97	(79.5)
Gay sauna use (past 6 months)
No	134	(67.3)	244	(71.6)	0.331	63	(55.3)	68	(55.7)	1.000
Yes	65	(32.7)	97	(28.4)		51	(44.7)	54	(44.3)
History of syphilis (lifetime)
No	178	(89.4)	320	(93.8)	0.069	96	(84.2)	114	(93.4)	0.036
Yes	21	(10.6)	21	(6.2)		18	(15.8)	8	(6.6)
Experience talking about HIV issues (past 6 months)
No	64	(32.2)	174	(51.0)	<0.001	39	(34.2)	66	(54.1)	0.003
Yes	135	(67.8)	167	(49.0)		75	(65.8)	56	(45.9)
Recognition of HIV prevention awareness materials issued by CBOs
No recognition	102	(51.3)	224	(65.7)	0.001	63	(55.3)	89	(73.0)	0.006
Recognition	97	(48.7)	117	(34.3)		51	(44.7)	33	(27.0)
Having had anal sex with more than 6 partners (past 6 months)
No	146	(73.4)	306	(89.7)	<0.001	83	(72.8)	99	(81.1)	0.163
Yes	53	(26.6)	35	(10.3)		31	(27.2)	23	(18.9)
Condom-less anal sex (past 6 months)
No	113	(56.8)	225	(66.0)	0.034	67	(58.8)	86	(70.5)	0.076
Yes	86	(43.2)	116	(34.0)		47	(41.2)	36	(29.5)

^a Chi-squared and Fisher’s Exact tests.

Table 3. Correlates of lifetime HIV testing by regional cities and Tokyo and Osaka in 2015 (N=776).

	Regional cities (N=540)		Tokyo and Osaka (N=236)
	PR(95%CI)	APR(95%CI)	PR(95%CI)	APR(95%CI)
Age (years)
< 25 years old	1	1	1	1
25–35 years old	1.35(1.10-1.65)**	1.28(1.05-1.56)*	1.57(1.13-2.19)*	1.52(1.11-2.07)*
over 35	1.27(1.03-1.56)*	1.32(1.10-1.61)*	1.57(1.12-2.16)*	1.51(1.11-2.07)*
Sexual Orientation
Gay	1	1	1
Bisexual and other orientations	0.93(0.86-1.00)	0.93(0.97-1.31)	0.95(0.75-1.20)
Gay bar use (past 6 months)
No	1	1	1
Yes	1.25(1.07-1.45)**	1.13(0.97-1.31)	1.11(0.89-1.39)
Gay sauna use (past 6 months)
No	1		1
Yes	1.08(0.95-1.22)		0.94(0.81-1.09)
History of syphilis (lifetime)
No	1	1	1	1
Yes	1.38(1.21-1.57)**	1.26(1.10-1.45)**	1.31(1.17-1.47)***	1.28(1.11-1.47)***
Experience talking about HIV issues (past 6 months)
No	1	1	1	1
Yes	1.38(1.21-1.57)	1.29(1.13-1.47)	1.14(1.05-1.25)**	1.25(1.07-1.46)***
Recognition of HIV prevention awareness materials issued by CBOs
No recognition	1	1	1	1
Recognition	1.22(1.09-1.38)**	1.11(0.99-1.25)	1.31(1.15-1.49)***	1.20(1.06-1.36)*
Having had anal sex with more than 6 partners (past 6 months)
No	1	1	1	1
Yes	1.42(1.28-1.58)***	1.29(1.16-1.44)***	1.13(0.98-1.31)	1.06(10.92-1.23)
Condom-less anal sex (past 6 months)
No	1	1	1
Yes	1.17(1.04-1.32)*	1.10(0.98-1.24)	1.10(0.96-1.27)

APR: adjusted prevalence ratio.

***p<0.005, **p<0.01, *p<0.05 in Poisson regression analysis.

Table 4. Correlates of HIV testing in the past year in Japan in 2015 (N=776).

	Regional cities (N=540)		Tokyo and Osaka(N=236)
	PR(95%CI)	APR(95%CI)	PR(95%CI)	APR(95%CI)
Age (years)
< 25 years old	1	1	1	1
25–35 years old	0.88(0.67-1.15)	0.84(0.65-1.09)	1.34(0.87-2.05)
over 35	0.69(0.51-0.93)*	0.70(0.53-0.94)*	1.10(0.70-1.73)
Sexual Orientation
Gay	1		1
Bisexual and other orientations	0.93(0.7-1.24)		0.84(0.53-1.32)
Gay bar use (past 6 months)
No	1	1	1
Yes	1.39(1.07-1.82)*	1.21(0.92-1.59)	1.41(0.91-2.20)
Gay sauna use (past 6 months)
No	1		1
Yes	1.13(0.90-1.43)		1.01(0.78-1.32)
History of syphilis (lifetime)
No	1	1	1	1
Yes	1.40(1.01-1.94)*	1.24(0.90-1.69)	1.51(1.13-2.04)*	1.47(1.06-2.04)*
Experience talking about HIV issues (past 6 months)
No	1	1	1	1
Yes	1.66(1.30-2.12)***	1.41(1.09-1.81)*	1.51(1.15-2.06)**	1.49(1.11-1.99)*
Recognition of HIV prevention awareness materials issued by CBOs
No recognition	1	1	1	1
Recognition	1.45(1.17-1.80)**	1.28(1.02-1.60)*	1.47(1.14-1.89)**	1.38(1.07-1.78)*
Having had anal sex with more than 6 partners (past 6 months)
No	1	1	1
Yes	1.87(1.50-2.31)***	1.27(1.14-1.42)***	1.26(0.95-1.66)
Condom-less anal sex (past 6 months)
No	1	1	1	1
Yes	1.17(1.04-1.32)*	1.10(0.98-1.24)	1.10(0.96-1.27)	1.23(0.95-1.60)

APR: adjusted prevalence ratio.

***p<0.005, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, NK, upon reasonable request.