Health-related quality of life of perinatally HIV-infected young people: a longitudinal study

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of participants who completed two assessments.

Characteristics		pHIV (n = 15)	HIV− (n = 17)	P-value
Follow-up rate		45.5%	45.9%	.999
Male sex		7 (46.7%)	7 (41.2%)	.755
Age at first assessment, years, mean (SD)		12.8 (3.09)	13.4 (2.4)	.529
Age at second assessment, years, mean (SD)		17.3 (3.20)	17.9 (2.4)	.538
Region of birth				<.001
The Netherlands		2 (13.3%)	16 (94.1%)
Sub-Sahara Africa		11 (73.3%)	1 (5.9%)
Other*		2 (13.3%)	0 (0%)
Ethnicity				.249
Black		11 (73.3%)	13 (76.5%)
Caucasian		0 (0%)	2 (11.8%)
Mixed		3 (20%)	2 (11.8%)
Other		1 (6.7%)	0 (0%)
Adoption status				.035
Not adopted		10 (66.7%)	17 (100%)
Adopted		2 (13.3%)	0 (0%)
Foster care		3 (20.0%)	0 (0%)
ISCED level of parent, median (IQR)		5 (3-6)	5 (2.5-6)	.251
Age at HIV diagnosis, years, median (IQR)	15	2.46 (1.13–6.02)
Route of transmission	15
Perinatal		15 (100%)
Unknown		0
CDC category	15
N or A		6 (40%)
B		6 (40%)
C		3 (20%)
Zenith HIV viral load, copies/mL, median (IQR)	12	3,79,788 (60,564–11,42,658)
HIV viral load at second assessment	15
Undetectable^a		13 (87%)
Detectable		2 (13.3%)
Nadir CD4+ T-cell z-score, mean (SD)	13	−0.79 (0.68)
Current cART use^b	15	15 (100%)
Age at cART initiation, years, median (IQR)	12	4.61 (1.47–7.60)
Duration of cART use, years, median (IQR)	12	14.49 (8.22–18.00)

Values are reported as n (%), unless otherwise stated.

pHIV, perinatally human immunodeficiency virus infected; HIV−, HIV negative; IQR, interquartile range; ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education; SD, standard deviation; CDC, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention category (N or A = no clinical or minimal signs, B = moderate signs, C = AIDS).

^a Undetectable values are defined as <40 c/mL, including viral blips.

^b Number of participants on cART at the second assessment.

Table 2. Cross-sectional analyses of health-related quality of life at baseline in participants who completed two assessments.

	Baseline				Follow-up
	pHIV	HIV-	P-value*	P-value**	pHIV	HIV-	P-value*	P-value**
Physical functioning	0.458 (1.12)	−0.328 (1.36)	.087	.862	0.691 (0.87)	−0.302 (0.90)	.004	.365
Emotional functioning	0.643 (1.02)	−0.252 (1.26)	.036	.443	0.645 (0.98)	−0.363 (0.89)	.005	.559
Social functioning	0.182 (0.91)	−0.157 (1.09)	.352	.991	0.410 (0.69)	0.011 (0.89)	.169	.179
School functioning	0.210 (0.97)	−0.748 (1.49)	.137	.206	0.033 (1.05)	−0.855 (1.23)	.037	.050
Total scale score	0.404 (1.03)	−0.379 (1.37)	.049	.978	0.604 (0.98)	−0.471 (0.94)	.004	.866
Psychosocial Health Summary score	0.373 (1.04)	−0.392 (1.31)	.065	.880	0.482 (1.00)	−0.498 (1.01)	.010	.845

Presented are mean (SD) z-scores of Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL)™ 4.0 scale scores.

*Comparison between z-scores of pHIV and HIV-uninfected participants.

**Comparison between z-scores of pHIV participants and Dutch healthy norm.

pHIV, perinatally human immunodeficiency virus infected; HIV−, HIV-uninfected participants; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3. Longitudinal analysis of health-related quality of life in participants who completed both assessments.

	Group * Time
	B* (95% CI)	P-value
Physical functioning	0.442 (−0.51–1.30)	.640
Emotional functioning	0.195 (−0.85–1.24)	.826
Social functioning	0.405 (−0.40–1.21)	.876
School functioning	−0.070 (−1.14–1.00)	.719
Total Scale Score	0.291 (−0.73–1.32)	.703
Psychosocial Health Summary score	0.215 (−0.81–1.24)	.730

*B represents the mean difference between pHIV and HIV-uninfected participants. Higher scores indicate better HRQOL; a positive score therefore means better HRQOL in PHIV. CI, confidence interval.