Financial incentives to improve re-engagement in HIV care: results from a randomized pilot study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study profile. Study population for analysis of primary outcomes.

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants at baseline.

	Trial Arm		Overall (n = 157)
	Financial Incentive (n = 83)	SOC (n = 74)
Female	52 (62.7%)	49 (66.2%)	101 (64.3%)
Age (Mean (SD))	37.1 (11.0)	39.0 (9.61)	38.0 (10.4)
Kiswahili as primary language	49 (59.0%)	36 (48.6%)	85 (54.1%)
Completed primary school	58 (69.9%)	42 (56.8%)	100 (63.7%)
Currently working	67 (80.7%)	56 (75.7%)	123 (78.3%)
Severely food insecure	29 (34.9%)	37 (50.0%)	66 (42.0%)
Religion
Christian	61 (73.5%)	44 (59.5%)	105 (66.9%)
Muslim	14 (16.9%)	20 (27.0%)	34 (21.7%)
No Religion	7 (8.4%)	7 (9.5%)	14 (8.9%)
Other	1 (1.2%)	3 (4.1%)	4 (2.5%)
Marital status
Married/Partnered	35 (42.2%)	35 (47.3%)	70 (44.6%)
Separated/Divorced	28 (33.7%)	25 (33.8%)	53 (33.8%)
No Partner	20 (24.1%)	14 (18.9%)	34 (21.7%)
Reasons for not being in care
Cannot miss work	19 (22.9%)	13 (17.6%)	32 (20.4%)
Feel healthy	13 (15.7%)	6 (8.1%)	19 (12.1%)
Cost of transportation to the facility	10 (12.0%)	11 (14.9%)	21 (13.4%)
Concern that health providers might be unfriendly or hostile	9 (10.8%)	3 (4.1%)	12 (7.6%)
Concern that someone you know who does not know you have HIV might recognize you	7 (8.4%)	3 (4.1%)	10 (6.4%)
The time for the visit	6 (7.2%)	6 (8.1%)	12 (7.6%)
Feel hungry or do not have enough food to go	6 (7.2%)	7 (9.5%)	13 (8.3%)
Had a bad experience the previous clinic visit	3 (3.6%)	1 (1.4%)	4 (2.5%)
Getting permission to go to the facility	2 (2.4%)	2 (2.7%)	4 (2.5%)
The time it would take to get to the facility	2 (2.4%)	2 (2.7%)	4 (2.5%)
Feel too sick to attend/do not have enough energy	2 (2.4%)	9 (12.2%)	11 (7.0%)

Table 2. Summary of the effects of financial incentives on re-engagement in care within 3 months, engagement between 3–6 months, and retention in care at 6 months.

	Intent-to-Treat					Adjusted Intent-to-Treat†
	Financial Incentive (n = 83)	SOC (n = 74)	RD	95% CI	p-value	ARD	95% CI	p-value
Visit within 90 days	71 (85.5%)	58 (78.4%)	0.07	−0.05, 0.19	0.24	0.08	−0.03, 0.19	0.09
Visit between 90–180 days	66 (79.5%)	53 (71.6%)	0.08	−0.05, 0.22	0.24	0.10	−0.03, 0.24	0.13
Retained in care at 180 days	48 (57.8%)	38 (51.4%)	0.06	−0.09, 0.22	0.43	0.07	−0.09, 0.23	0.40

†Generalized linear model adjusted for imbalanced baseline covariates: site, sex, severe food insecurity, educational status, and language