Systematic screening of gender violence and domestic violence among HIV-positive patients: the VIHOLETA study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Prevalence of abuse according to HIV transmission risk group. IDU: injection drug users.

Table 1. Types of abuse and perpetrators according to victims’ gender and sexual orientation.

	Emotional abuse		Physical abuse		Sexual abuse
	N victims	Perpetrator	N victims	Perpetrator	N victims	Perpetrator
Heterosexual women	12	9 male partners 5 ex-male partners 1 male parent^a 1 female parent^b	9	6 male partners 5 ex-male partners 1 male parent^a 1 female parent^b 1 male relative^c	1	1 male parent^a
Men who have sex with men	18	8 male partners 1 female partner 3 male parents^a 1 female parent^b 1 male relative^c 3 known men^d 1 unknown man 1 unknown woman	3	1 male partner 1 male parent^a 1 known man^d	1	1 known man^d
Heterosexual men	5	1 female partner 2 male parents^a 1 male relative^c 2 known men^d 1 known woman^e	3	2 male parents^a 2 known men^d	1	1 Unknown man

^a Father, stepfather, mother’s partner.

^b Mother, stepmother, father’s partner.

^c Another male family member, father-in-law, nephew, cousin.

^d Another man, friend, neighbour, coworker.

^e Another woman, friend, neighbour, coworker.

Figure 2. Prevalence of domestic violence (2a) and intimate partner violence (2b), by gender and sexual orientation. DV: domestic violence; IPV: intimate partner violence; HSM: heterosexual men; MSM: men who have sex with men; W: women.

Table 2. Bivariable analysis of factors associated with abuse.

Variable	Whole cohort (n = 161)	Abused (n = 53)	Non-abused (n = 108)	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Women n (%)	57 (35.4)	24 (45.3)	33 (30.6)	1.93 (0.92–4.04)	0.077
Current/former smoker, n (%)	104 (64.5)	37 (72.4)	67 (60.8)	1.69 (0.78–3.80)	0.35
Alcohol abuse, n (%)	8 (5.0)	3 (5.6)	5 (4.6)	1.23 (0.18–6.63)	0.72
Illicit drug use, n (%)	59 (36.4)	25 (47.2)	34 (31.5)	1.93 (0.93–4.02)	0.057
History of incarceration, n (%)	19 (11.8)	6 (11.3)	13 (12.0)	1.07 (0.35–3.66)	1
Employment status, n (%)					0.02*
Active	84 (52.2)	22(41.5)	62 (57.4)	1.0
Unemployed	53 (32.9)	25(47.2)	28(25.9)	2.49 (1.14–5.54)	0.01*
Retired or unable to work	24 (14.9)	6 (11.3)	18 (16.7)	0.93 (0.27–2.8)	>0.99
Immigrant, n (%)	30 (18.6)	12 (22.6)	18 (16.7)	1.46 (0.58–3.55)	0.48
Transmission risk group, n (%)					0.24
HetSex	61 (37.9)	21 (39.6)	40 (37.0)	1.0
HomoSex	62 (38.5)	21 (39.6)	41 (38.0)	0.97 (0.43–2.19)	>0.99
IDU	19 (11.8)	8 (15.1)	11 (10.2)	1.37 (0.43–2.19)	0.59
Vertical	1 (0.6)	0 (0)	1 (1)	—
Unknown/other	18 (11.2)	3 (5.7)	15 (13.9)	—
MSM, n (%)	62 (38.5)	21 (39.6)	40 (37.0)	0 (0.0–26.42)	0.95
Educational level, n (%)					0.60
Unknown	1 (0.62)	1 (1.8)	0	—
Primary school	58 (36.0)	16 (30.0)	42 (38.9)	1.0
Secondary school	65 (40.4)	23 (43.4)	42 (38.9)	0.66 (0.28–1.53)	0.23
University degree	37 (23.0)	13 (24.5)	24 (22.2)	0.56 (0.23–1.35)	0.23
Non-adherent (SMAQ), n (%)	54 (33.5)	23 (43.4)	31 (28.7)	1.89 (0.9–3.98)	0.076
Non-adherent (MPR), n (%)	58 (36.0)	30 (56.7)	28 (25.9)	3.69 (1.75–7.9)	<0.001*
Median MPR (%) (IQR)	99 (91–100)	94 (87–100)	99 (94–100)	NA	<0.001*
ART abandonment, n (%)	21 (13.0)	11 (20.8)	10 (9.3)	2.55 (0.90–7.27)	0.074
Previous virological failure, n (%)	29 (18.0%)	11 (20.8)	18 (16.7)	1.3 (0.51–3.23)	0.67
Detectable VL at enrolment, n (%)	16 (10.2)	11 (20.8)	5 (4.6)	5.33 (1.59–20.81)	0.003*
Median VL at enrolment among those with detectable VL (copies/ml) (IQR)	123 (87–215)	113.5 (56–189)	49 (36–84)	NA	0.006*
Mean age, years (SD)	48.2 (11.0)	48.3 (10.2)	48.2 (11.4)	NA	0.99
Median CD4 cell count at enrolment (cells/µl) (IQR)	635 (440–882)	625 (451–842)	657 (422–888)	NA	0.93
Median time since HIV diagnosis (years) (IQR)	12.9 (6.3–21.8)	11.0 (5.8–21.2)	13.6 (6.4–22.0)	NA	0.82
Median CD4 nadir (cells/µl) (IQR)	215 (90–370)	191 (85–341)	228 (102–377)	NA	0.22
Median time on ART (years) (IQR)	12.0 (4.9–18.9)	10.6 (4.0–17.4)	12.6 (5.4–19.3)	NA	0.36

ART: antiretroviral treatment; HetSex: heterosexual; HomoSex: homosexual, IDU: intravenous drug user; IQR: interquartile range; MPR: medication possession rate; NA: not applicable; SD: standard deviation; SMAQ: simplified medication adherence questionnaire; VL: viral load.

*Statistically significant.

Table 3. Multivariable analysis of factors associated with abuse, non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy, and detectable viral load.

Variable	Abuse			Non-adherence (MPR)			Detectable viral load
	aOR	95% CI	p	aOR	95% CI	p	aOR	95% CI	p
Age	1.0	0.96–1.03	0.92	1.01	0.95–1.04	0.99	1.06	0.98–1.17	0.12
Women	3.91	1.42–12.23	0.01*
Men				0.85	0.34–2.10	0.72	0.52	0.08–2.87	0.47
MSM	2.77	0.93–9.25	0.07	0.46	0.16–1.26	0.14	4.81	0.75–42.25	0.11
Victim of abuse	—			3.92	1.80–8.84	<0.001*	6.14	1.63–27.70	0.01*
Alcohol abuse	1.08	0.19–5.35	0.91	—			—
Smoker	1.1	0.6–1.97	0.74	—			—
Hospital	1.3	0.83–2.05	0.23	—			—
Illicit drug use	2.35	1.02–5.57	0.046*	1.05	0.44–2.47	0.89	0.72	0.14–3.34	0.67
Immigrant	1.88	0.71–4.93	0.19	1.08	0.40–2.81	0.87	0.81	0.12–4.15	0.81
Formerly incarcerated	—			2.45	0.75–8.51	0.14	15.08	2.71–104.71	0.003*
≤Primary education	—			1.01	0.44–2.36	0.96	0.99	0.26–4.05	0.99
Unemployed	—			1.80	0.77–4.20	0.16	2.11	0.51–9.58	0.30

CI: confidence interval; MPR: medication possession rate; MSM: men who have sex with men; aOR: adjusted odds ratio.

*Statistically significant.