Is hope associated with HIV-acquisition risk and intimate partner violence amongst young women and men? A cross-sectional study in urban informal settlements in South Africa

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample description and distribution of socio-demographic factors and HIV-risk behaviours by levels of hope, for women and men.

	Men					Women
	Overall	Low hope	Medium hope	High hope		Overall	Low hope	Medium hope	High hope	p-value
	% (n)/mean (95% CI)	% (n)/mean (95% CI)	% (n)/mean (95% CI)	% (n)/mean (95% CI)	p-value	% (n)/mean (95% CI)	% (n)/mean (95% CI)	% (n)/mean (95% CI)	% (n)/mean (95% CI)
	668	40.6 (271)	32.8 (219)	26.7 (178)		677	35.5 (240)	33.7 (228)	30.9 (209)
Hope (range, min–max)	6–24	6–18	19–21	22–24		6–24	6–18	19–21	22–24
Hope (continuous)	19.1 (18.7, 19.4)	14.7 (14.3, 15.1)	20.7 (20.5, 29.8)	23.7 (23.6, 23.8)		19.5 (19.1, 19.8)	14.6 (14.2, 15.1)	20.7 (20.5, 20.8)	23.7 (23.6, 23.8)
Age
18/19	10.8 (72)	10.7 (29)	12.3 (27)	9.0 (16)	0.543	12.6 (85)	12.9 (31)	10.1 (23)	14.8 (31)	0.016
20/24	52.0 (347)	53.9 (146)	52.1 (114)	48.9 (87)		44.8 (303)	52.1 (125)	43.4 (99)	37.8 (79)
25/30	37.3 (249)	35.4 (96)	35.6 (78)	42.1 (75)		42.7 (289)	35.0 (84)	46.5 (106)	47.4 (99)
Education
Primary or less	11.2 (75)	10.7 (29)	10.1 (22)	13.5 (24)	0.0416	8.3 (56)	12.1 (29)	5.3 (12)	7.2 (15)	0.05
Secondary not complete	57.9 (387)	64.2 (174)	53.0 (116)	54.5 (97)		61.3 (415)	60.0 (144)	60.1 (137)	64.1 (134)
Secondary complete	30.8 (206)	25.1 (68)	37.0 (81)	32.0 (57)		30.4 (206)	27.9 (67)	34.7 (79)	28.7 (60)
Food insecurity
Low	18.4 (123)	17.0 (46)	19.2 (42)	19.7 (35)	0.803	18.6 (126)	18.3 (44)	17.5 (40)	20.1 (42)	0.312
Medium	56.8 (379)	59.3 (160)	56.6 (124)	53.4 (95)		50.1 (339)	54.6 (131)	50.0 (114)	45.0 (94)
High	24.7 (165)	23.7 (64)	24.2 (53)	27.0 (48)		31.3 (212)	27.1 (65)	32.5 (74)	34.9 (73)
Controlling behaviours (>=more)	10.2 (10.6, 11.2)	11.2 (10.2, 11.6)	10.4 (9.9, 10.9)**	11.1 (10.6, 11.7)		10.3 (10.0, 10.6)	10.5 (10.0, 11.0)	9.9 (9.3, 10.5)	10.5 (9.9, 11.1)
Depression (20/21)	46.9 (313)	48.3 (131)	47.5 (104)	43.8 (100)	0.622	45.2 (306)	43.8 (105)	47.4 (108)	44.5 (93)	0.713
HIV-risk behaviours/experiences
Past year physical/sexual IPV	57.2 (382)	68.3 (185)	53.0 (116)	45.5 (81)	<0.001	65.1 (441)	67.1 (161)	65.4 (149)	62.7 (131)	0.617
Past year emotional IPV	65.7 (439)	73.4 (199)	58.9 (129)	62.4 (111)	0.002	78.1 (529)	77.1 (185)	79.8 (182)	77.5 (162)	0.745
Past year economic IPV	47.2 (315)	52.4 (142)	46.1 (101)	40.5 (72)	0.044	52.4 (355)	54.2 (130)	53.1 (121)	49.8 (104)	0.631
Transactional sex casual partner past year	56.6 (367)	65.1 (170)	50.7 (108)	51.2 (89)	0.002	40.6 (275)	37.5 (90)	39.9 (91)	45.0 (94)	0.263
Condom use consistency (always, past year)	33.6 (218)	33.0 (86)	34.7 (74)	33.3 (58)	0.915	25.6 (151)	25.6 (52)	27.8 (57)	23.8 (42)	0.569
Modern contraceptive use	xx	xx	xx	xx	xx	68.5 (457)	63.2 (151)	70.0 (156)	73.2 (150)	0.066

Note: p-values for continuous variables: *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01 with comparison to “low hope”.

Table 2. Unadjusted and adjusted associations for hope as an independent risk factor for HIV-risk practices/experiences for women and men.

	Hope levels	Past year physical and/or Sexual IPV		Past year emotional IPV		Past year economic IPV		Past year transactional sex (casual/once off partner)		Condom use consistency (past year)		Modern contraceptive use (current)
		OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)
Men	Low	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	xx	xx
	Medium	0.52 (0.36, 0.76)	0.55 (0.38, 0.81)	0.52 (0.35, 0.76)	0.54 (0.36, 0.80)	0.78 (0.54, 1.11)	0.86 (0.59, 1.26)	0.55 (0.38, 0.80)	0.57 (0.38, 0.84)	1.08 (0.74, 1.59)	1.01 (0.69, 1.50)	xx	xx
	High	0.39 (0.26, 0.57)	0.38 (0.25, 0.57)	0.60 (0.40, 0.90)	0.62 (0.41, 0.94)	0.62 (0.42, 0.91)	0.62 (0.41, 0.95)	0.56 (0.38, 0.83)	0.57 (0.39, 0.86)	1.02 (0.68, 1.53)	1.00 (0.66, 1.51)	xx	xx
Women	Low	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	Medium	0.93 (0.63, 1.35)	0.96 (0.63, 1.45)	1.18 (0.76, 1.83)	1.30 (0.91, 2.09)	0.96 (0.66, 1.38)	0.92 (0.61, 1.36)	1.11 (0.77, 1.60)	1.14 (0.77, 1.67)	1.12 (0.72, 1.73)	1.01 (0.64, 1.60)	1.36 (0.92, 2.01)	1.30 (0.87, 1.95)
	High	0.82 (0.56, 1.21)	0.77 (0.50, 1.18)	1.02 (0.66, 1.60)	1.00 (0.62, 1.61)	0.84 (0.58, 1.22)	0.76 (0.51, 1.13)	1.36 (0.93, 1.99)	1.36 (0.91, 2.03)	0.87 (0.54, 1.40)	0.82 (0.50, 1.34)	1.59 (1.07, 2.37)	1.57 (1.04, 2.37)

Note: Bold face values indicate no overlap of 95 percent confidence intervals with zero.

Data availability statement

Data are freely available in a public, open-access repository. De-identified data sets for the project are available from http://medat.samrc.ac.za/index.php/catalog/WW managed by the South African Medical Research Council.