COVID-19 anti-Asian racism, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and suicidal ideation among Asian American Emerging Adults

Figures & data

Figure 1. Hypothesised path model.

Figure 2. Estimated path model.

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 1. Participant demographics (N = 139).

Variable	Categories	% (n)	Variable	Categories	% (n)	Variable	Categories	% (n)
Ethnicity	Chinese	33 (46)	Education	Bachelor’s degree	45 (62)	Nativity	U.S. born	74 (103)
	Indian	16 (23)		High school diploma	14 (19)		Foreign born	27 (36)
	Filipino	11 (17)		Some college	12 (16)
	Vietnamese	11 (16)		Associate degree	12 (17)	Gender	Woman	50 (70)
	Japanese	9 (14)		Master’s degree	10 (14)		Man	50 (69)
	Korean	7 (11)		Doctoral degree	4 (5)
	Thai	2 (4)		Post-baccalaureate	2 (3)
	Laotian	2 (3)		Less than high school	1 (2)
	Bangladeshi	2 (3)		Other	1 (1)
	Taiwanese	2 (3)
	Hmong	1 (2)	Income	Just enough money	58 (81)
	Singaporean	1 (2)	Satisfaction	Not enough money	25 (35)
	Indonesian	1 (2)		More than enough money
	Cambodian	1 (1)
	Other	1 (2)

Mean age was 23.04 (SD = 2.13). Percentages are approximate and may not equal 100.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations of study variables.

			Descriptives
Variables	Min	Max	M	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	α	1	2	3
1. COVID-19 AAR	4.00	24.00	10.19	5.30	.62	-.51	.88	–
2. PB	6.00	42.00	19.39	11.18	.31	.31	.95	.55**
3. TB	9.00	57.00	33.60	9.42	-.29	.30	.72	.24**	.22**
4. SI	0	3.00	1.02	1.07	1.15	.60	–	.49**	.65**	.18**

COVID-19 AAR: COVID-19 anti-Asian racism; PB: Perceived Burdensomeness; TB: Thwarted Belongingness; SI: Suicidal ideation.

**p < .01.

Table 3. Estimate of indirect effects from bootstrap analysis.

IV	Mediator(s)	DV	Standardised Effect Estimate	SE	95% Bootstrap CI
Total Effect
COVID-19 anti-Asian racism		SI	.481**	.07	[.296, .666]
Total Direct Effect
COVID-19 anti-Asian racism		SI	.179	.09	[-.062, .420]
Total Indirect Effect
COVID-19 anti-Asian racism		SI	.302**	.06	[.148, .455]
Specific Indirect Effect
COVID-19 anti-Asian racism → PB →		SI	.292**	.06	[.139, .446]
COVID-19 anti-Asian racism → TB →		SI	.009	.02	[-.036, .055]

PB: Perceived Burdensomeness; TB: Thwarted Belongingness; SI: Suicidal ideation. **p < .01.

Data availability statement

Data may be available upon request from the first author.