Commodification and healthcare in the third sector in England: from gift to commodity—and back?

Figures & data

Figure 1. The commissioning cycle.

Table 1. Data sources.

National-level informants	13
Site-level: commissioners	61
Site-level: VCSEs	98
Documents	111
On-site project reference group meetings (local advisors)	18

Figure 2. Three commissioning networks.

Table 2. Commodity characteristics across two modes of commissioning.

	Commodified commissioning	Collaborative commissioning
Physical characteristics	Defined by client, act or outcome, as far as possible	Extended to advocacy, relational and infrastructural activity
Property rights	Exclusionary, competitive, contractual	Permeable, waived or absent
Pricing	Partly or wholly per client or per activity	Options of block contracts, grants, gifts, subsidies
VCSE motivation	Income, certainty	Income, influence, advocacy