Making it big in live music: a multilevel analysis of careers in live music

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the research units.

	N	Mean (SD) or percentage	(Most used) data source
Dependent variables
Number of shows	1,712	9.09 (13.54)	podiuminfo.nl/festivalinfo.nl
Average fee	289	4,526.42 (7,582.68)	Mojo Concerts
Primary level independent variables
Year	1,712	4.50 (2.29)	iprecom.nl
Critical recognition
Newspaper reviews	1,712	0.39 (1.03)	lexisnexis.nl
De Wereld Draait Door	1,712	0.18 (0.50)	bnnvara.nl
Year list Oor	1,712	0.62 (4.28)	muzieklijstjes.nl
MTV awards	1,712	0.02 (0.16)	mtv.nl
3FM awards	1,712	0.14 (0.57)	npo3fm.nl
Professional recognition
3voor12 awards	1,712	0.04 (0.19)	3voor12.vpro.nl
Edison awards	1,712	0.06 (0.32)	edisons.nl
Buma awards	1,712	0.01 (0.09)	buma-awards.nl
Popular recognition
Google Trends	1,712	1.68 (4.92)	trends.google.com
Song of the year award	1,712	3.28 (14.74)	3voor12.vpro.nl
Secondary level independent variables
Gender			wikipedia.com/social media
Male	154	72%
Female	29	14%
Mixed	30	14%
Time since first album	195	1.73 (3.76)	discogs.com
Time since first EP	200	2.01 (4.33)	discogs.com
Label representation			discogs.com
Self-released	68	40%
Indie label	156	73%
Major label	71	33%
Booker representation			discogs.com/social media
No booker	19	9%
Small booker	86	40%
Large booker	87	41%
Popular music education			social media/linkedin.com
No popular music education	106	50%
Popular music education	84	40%
Genre			discogs.com
Pop	65	30%
Electronic	58	27%
Rock	40	19%
Indie/alternative	34	16%
Hip-hop/rap	32	15%
Jazz/blues	17	8%
Singer-Songwriter	15	7%
Funk/soul/world	15	7%
Folk/country	8	4%

Figure 1. Distribution of number of shows over time.

Figure 2. Distribution of fees over time.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of shows and fees per year.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	Overall
	(N = 214)	(N = 214)	(N = 214)	(N = 214)	(N = 214)	(N = 214)	(N = 214)	(N = 214)	(N = 1,712)
Number of shows
Mean (SD)	22.1 (18.4)	10.4 (12.9)	9.82 (13.1)	8.57 (12.0)	7.29 (12.1)	5.79 (10.0)	5.04 (9.89)	3.80 (8.72)	9.09 (13.5)
Median [Min, Max]	17.0 [0, 80.0]	5.00 [0, 69.0]	4.00 [0, 68.0]	2.50 [0, 60.0]	1.00 [0, 89.0]	0 [0, 48.0]	0 [0, 58.0]	0 [0, 55.0]	3.00 [0, 89.0]
Average annual fee
Mean (SD)	2,670 (2,500)	3,420 (3,980)	5,140 (8,090)	4,560 (6,730)	5,070 (7,520)	6,950 (12,000)	8,060 (14,700)	4,590 (5,890)	4,530 (7,580)
Median [Min, Max]	1,710 [175, 12,300]	1,740 [300, 20,000]	2,240 [250, 45,000]	2,250 [400, 35,000]	2,590 [550, 28,700]	1,540 [0, 50,000]	2,750 [450, 60,000]	2,430 [0, 25,000]	2,030 [0, 60,000]
Missing	138 (64.5%)	172 (80.4%)	175 (81.8%)	182 (85.0%)	182 (85.0%)	191 (89.3%)	189 (88.3%)	194 (90.7%)	1423 (83.1%)

Table 3. Multilevel effects models.

	Dependent variable:
	Number of shows
	1	2	3
Primary level indicators
Year	−2.00 (0.10)***	−1.49 (0.09)***	−1.69 (0.11)***
Critical recognition
Newspaper reviews		1.22 (0.27)***	1.12 (0.30)***
De Wereld Draait Door		4.68 (0.46)***	4.51 (0.52)***
Year list Oor		0.13 (0.06)**	0.14 (0.06)**
MTV awards		4.22 (1.48)***	4.34 (1.61)***
3FM awards		4.78 (0.53)***	4.45 (0.58)***
Professional recognition
3voor12 awards		8.30 (1.32)***	8.17 (1.45)***
Edison awards		−0.00 (0.72)	−0.05 (0.79)
Buma awards		−1.42 (2.58)	−1.16 (2.80)
Popular recognition
Google Trends		0.27 (0.07)***	0.23 (0.08)***
Song of the year award		0.08 (0.02)***	0.07 (0.02)***
Secondary level indicators
Gender
Male			Ref
Female			−1.25 (1.62)
Mixed			−2.19 (1.57)
First album			−0.02 (0.18)
First EP			−0.06 (0.16)
Label representation
Self-released			Ref
Indie			0.64 (1.35)*
Major			2.05 (1.24)*
Booker representation
No booker			Ref
Small booker			3.30 (1.79)*
Large booker			3.84 (1.77)**
Popular music education
No popular music education			Ref
Popular music education			2.04 (1.09)*
Genres
Pop			Ref
Electronic			−1.77 (1.54)
Rock			2.71 (1.46)*
Indie/alternative			0.46 (1.52)
Hip-hop/rap			−1.90 (1.67)
Jazz/blues			−0.11 (1.98)
Singer-Songwriter			3.66 (2.33)
Funk/soul/world			−1.25 (2.15)
Folk/country			6.03 (3.13)*
Intercept	18.09 (0.77)***	15.50 (0.60)***	12.15 (2.25)***
Observations	1,712	1,712	1,360
Log Likelihood	−6,486.03	−6,192.76	−4,993.36

Note: *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01.

Table A1. Correlation matrix.

	Primary level (N = 1,712)												Secondary level (N = 214)
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33
1. Number of shows	1
2. Year	−.338	1
3. Newspaper reviews	.392	−.080	1
4. DWDD	.402	ns	.289	1
5. Yearlist Oor	.256	ns	.303	.268	1
6. MTV awards	.252	−.110	.088	.099	ns	1
7. 3FM awards	.467	−.135	.230	.180	.082	.441	1
8. 3voor12 awards	.327	−.113	.256	.173	.432	ns	.167	1
9. Edison awards	.256	ns	.206	.136	ns	.297	.386	.170	1
10. Buma awards	.139	−.085	.122	ns	ns	.153	.187	ns	.168	1
11. Google Trends	.413	−.139	.448	.191	.109	.301	.511	.157	.363	.399	1
12. Song van het Jaar	.402	−.113	.391	.233	.367	.185	.333	.376	.159	.138	.339	1
13. Male	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	1
14. Female	ns	ns	ns	.101	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.083	ns	ns	−.641	1
15. Mixed	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	−.654	−.161	1
16. First album	ns	ns	.133	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.114	ns	ns	1
17. First EP	ns	ns	.101	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.084	−.085	ns	.637	1
18. Self-released	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.086	ns	1
19. Indie	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.100	−.224	.092	.171	.195	−.272	1
20. Major	.194	ns	.137	.138	ns	.088	.176	ns	.102	ns	.216	.094	ns	.126	−.143	ns	.083	−.233	−.263	1
21. No booker	−.100	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	−.101	.116	ns	ns	−.239	ns	ns	−.115	1
22. Small booker	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	−.103	ns	−.020	ns	ns	.123	ns	.092	−.152	−.256	1
23. Large booker	.214	ns	.111	.124	bs	ns	.124	.081	ns	ns	.120	.162	ns	−.024	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.265	−.258	−.678	1
24. Pop academy	.100	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	−.178	.139	.092	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.116	1
25. Pop	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	−.251	.213	.113	ns	ns	ns	ns	.139	ns	−.106	.157	.092	1
26. Electronic	−.205	ns	−.166	−.173	ns	ns	−.139	ns	−.097	ns	−.161	−.125	.119	−.151	ns	−.132	ns	ns	.112	−.206	ns	.208	−.269	ns	−.288	1
27. Rock	.115	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.102	ns	ns	ns	ns	.099	ns	−.086	.116	.118	.145	.096	ns	ns	−.150	−.173	.213	ns	−.108	−.184	1
28. Indie/alternative	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.100	ns	ns	ns	ns	.082	ns	−.136	.229	ns	ns	.113	.092	−.143	−.091	ns	.109	ns	ns	−.265	.185	1
29. Hiphop/rap	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.170	ns	.202	−.129	−.132	ns	ns	ns	ns	.205	ns	ns	ns	−.142	−.134	−.167	−.201	−.146	1
30. Jazz/blues	ns	ns	.123	.134	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.097	.082	ns	−.166	.136	.080	.090	ns	ns	ns	ns	.151	ns	ns	.204	ns	−.179	−.141	−.080	ns	1
31. Singer-Songwriter	.123	ns	.133	.092	ns	ns	.081	ns	ns	ns	.141	ns	−.158	.319	−.111	ns	ns	ns	−.162	.195	ns	ns	ns	ns	−.142	−.167	−.132	−.119	−.115	−.081	1
32. Funk/soul/world	ns	ns	ns	.092	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	.087	ns	ns	.126	.118	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	−.085	−.132	−.119	−.115	.258	ns	1
33. Folk/country	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	−.098	.138	ns	ns	−.158	ns	ns	−.087	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	−.120	−.094	ns	−.083	.124	ns	.139	1

Note: ns = not significant. Significance is p < 0.01.