People or place? Towards a system of holistic locational values for creative workers

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of locational values of creative workers.

Basic human functions		Indicators of locational values	Mean	SD
Residence	Living costs	Living costs	.04	.199
		Housing costs	.08	.264
	Housing	Housing availability^2	.05	.216
		Housing affordability^2	.07	.255
		Housing equipment	.07	.257
		Housing quality^2	.09	.283
	Personal networks	Born here^2	.10	.294
		Family lives here^2	.24	.425
		Friends live here^2	.08	.270
		Studied here^2	.00	.061
		Local community	.02	.139
		Housing inheritance	.11	.310
	Physical environment	Private open space	.20	.401
		Quality of environment	.24	.426
		Diversity of built environment^2	.01	.088
		Weather/climate^2	.04	.193
		Proximity to nature^2	.40	.489
	Safety	Personal safety	.16	.364
		Safe for children^2	.23	.422
	Tolerance and openness	Openness to different people^1,2	.02	.125
Work		Job^1,2	.21	.405
		Higher wage^2	.02	.128
		Working conditions^2	.03	.179
Education		Secondary education centre	.01	.098
		Higher education centre	.01	.093
		Educated population	.00	.038
		Good schools/faculties^2	.02	.123
Services		Publicly owned services^1	.09	.291
		Privately owned services	.05	.217
		Higher quality of services	.01	.117
Leisure		Diversity of leisure^2	.02	.140
		Recreational activities	.07	.258
		Cultural activities^1,2	.03	.164
Transport		Regional centres accessibility^2	.03	.161
		Road accessibility^2	.06	.243
		Public transport accessibility^2	.03	.166
		Internet accessibility	.03	.162

Note: N = 4823, Min = 0, Max = 1.

Source: Own elaboration; structure derived from social geography concept (Elkins, 1986; Ruppert, 1984). Indicators marked with (¹) originate from the “3Ts’ research (Andersen & Lorenzen, 2005; Boschma & Fritsch, 2009; Clifton, 2008; Clifton et al., 2013) and indicators marked with (²) originate from the ACRE research (Martin-Brelot et al., 2010; Musterd & Gritsai, 2013)

Figure 1. Urban (densely populated) and non-urban (intermediate and thinly populated) areas in the Degree of urbanisation of Europe and Slovenia (DEGURBA). Sources: EFGS, JRC, Eurostat, LandScan, REGIO-GIS.

Table 2. The association analysis results (χ² test and post-hoc test) between indicators of locational values and the degree of urbanisation (DEGURBA).

Basic human functions		Indicators of locational values	χ^2	Standardised residuals (z-scores)
				Densely populated areas	Intermediate density areas	Thinly populated areas
Residence	Living costs	Living costs	16.898*	−3.35	0.68	2,12
		Housing costs	19.396*	−3.43	0.38	2,46
	Housing	Housing availability	6.548	0.05	1.81	−1,72
		Housing affordability	10.996*	−2.11	2.36	−0,45
		Housing equipment	31.349*	4.05	0.24	−3,55
		Housing quality	8.213*	2.22	−0.27	−1,58
	Personal networks	Born here	27.468*	−3.34	−0.92	3,59
		Family lives here	36.828*	−4.10	0.01	3,36
		Friends live here	1.811	0.84	0.27	−0,94
		Studied here	18.553*	3.51	−2.40	−0,67
		Local community	9.426*	−2.29	−0.13	2,00
		Housing inheritance	1.739	−0.70	−0.40	0,95
	Physical environment	Private open space	97.034*	−7.25	1.13	4,90
		Quality of environment	54.815*	−4.72	−0.56	4,39
		Diversity of built environment	26.446*	4.36	−1.35	−2,33
		Weather/climate	51.832*	−5.63	0.41	4,24
		Proximity to nature	91.119*	−6.34	2.14	3,23
	Safety	Personal safety	4.054	−1.37	−0.12	1,23
		Safe for children	41.648*	−4.74	1.10	2,88
	Tolerance and openness	Openness to different people	26.132*	4.34	−1.60	−2,08
Work		Job	144.914*	9,10	−2.74	−4.94
		Higher wage	53.044*	6,18	−2.60	−2.68
		Working conditions	57.854*	6,39	−2.22	−3.19
Education		Secondary education centre	31.525*	4,62	−0.82	−3.03
		Higher education centre	51.387*	5,92	−1.11	−3.83
		Educated population	12.668*	3,03	−1.54	−1.06
		Good schools/faculties	52.533*	6,12	−1.89	−3.28
Services		Publicly owned services	104.069*	7,73	−0.54	−5.85
		Privately owned services	24.833*	3,79	−0.08	−3.04
		Higher quality of services	93.224*	8,20	−3.03	−3.94
Leisure		Diversity of leisure	82.202*	7,68	−3.02	−3.52
		Recreational activities	12.820*	0,52	2.28	−2.54
		Cultural activities	107.462*	8,73	−3.08	−4.32
Transport		Regional centres accessibility	15.992*	−2,83	2.75	−0.21
		Road accessibility	2.906	−0,83	1.32	−0.54
		Public transport accessibility	78.530*	7,12	−0.94	−4.98
		Internet accessibility	3.385	1,52	−0.34	−0.93

Note: df = 2, * p < .05, N = 4658.

standardised residuals (z-score) > +1.96.

standardised residuals (z-score) < −1.96.

Table 3. Binomial logistic regression results (dependent variable is the level of urbanisation); 0 = rural (intermediate and thinly populated areas, 1 = urban (densely populated areas)).

Indicators of locational values	Model 1			Model 2
	B (SE)	OR	95% CI	B (SE)	OR	95% CI
Constant	−0.76 (0.20)***			−1.06 (0.82)
Living costs	−0.76 (0.23)**	0.47	0.30–0.74	−0.60 (0.24)*	0.55	0.34–0.88
Housing costs	−0.61 (0.17)***	0.54	0.39–0.75	−0.58 (0.19)**	0.56	0.39–0.81
Housing availability	−0.08 (0.18)	0.93	0.65–1.31	−0.04 (0.19)	0.96	0.66–1.39
Housing affordability	−0.37 (0.16)*	0.69	0.50–0.95	−0.26 (0.17)	0.77	0.55–1.09
Housing equipment	0.44 (0.14)**	1.55	1.17–2.05	0.45 (0.15)**	1.56	1.16–2.11
Housing quality	0.40 (0.13)**	1.49	1.15–1.94	0.34 (0.14)*	1.40	1.06–1.86
Born here	−0.36 (0.15)*	0.70	0.52–0.94	−0.28 (0.16)	0.76	0.55–1.04
Family lives here	−0.46 (0.11)***	0.63	0.51–0.79	−0.38 (0.12)**	0.68	0.54–0.87
Friends live here	0.13 (0.14)	1.14	0.86–1.51	0.26 (0.15)	1.29	0.96–1.75
Studied here	1.24 (0.58)*	3.44	1.10–10.76	1.52 (0.61)*	4.58	1.39–15.09
Local community	−0.73 (0.32)*	0.48	0.26–0.91	−0.68 (0.33)*	0.51	0.27–0.97
Housing inheritance	−0.02 (0.13)	0.98	0.75–1.27	0.03 (0.14)	1.03	0.78–1.37
Private open space	−0.69 (0.12)***	0.50	0.40–0.64	−0.65 (0.13)***	0.52	0.41–0.67
Quality of environment	−0.28 (0.11)*	0.76	0.61–0.93	−0.25 (0.12)*	0.78	0.62–0.98
Diversity of built environment	1.28 (0.38)**	3.60	1.71–7.60	1.30 (0.40)**	3.68	1.70–7.99
Weather/climate	−2.07 (0.36)***	0.13	0.06–0.25	−2.10 (0.37)***	0.12	0.06–0.25
Proximity to nature	−0.57 (0.10)***	0.56	0.46–0.69	−0.51 (0.11)***	0.60	0.49–0.75
Personal safety	0.03 (0.12)	1.03	0.82–1.30	0.05 (0.13)	1.05	0.82–1.35
Safe for children	−0.47 (0.11)***	0.62	0.50–0.77	−0.27 (0.12)*	0.76	0.60–0.97
Openness to different people	0.54 (0.28)	1.72	0.98–3.00	0.58 (0.30)	1.79	0.99–3.22
Job	0.50 (0.11)***	1.66	1.35–2.04	0.56 (0.11)***	1.75	1.40–2.19
Higher wage	0.92 (0.27)**	2.50	1.47–4.25	1.21 (0.30)***	3.36	1.87–6.03
Working conditions	0.61 (0.20)**	1.83	1.25–2.69	0.53 (0.21)*	1.69	1.12–2.56
Secondary education centre	0.85 (0.35)*	2.34	1.18–4.67	1.09 (0.36)**	2.99	1.47–6.09
Higher education centre	1.25 (0.40)**	3.49	1.60–7.60	1.03 (0.41)*	2.80	1.24–6.29
Educated population	1.83 (1.16)	6.26	0.65–60.36	2.06 (1.17)	7.84	0.79–77.88
Good schools/faculties	1.26 (0.28)***	3.51	2.02–6.09	1.42 (0.30)***	4.12	2.31–7.36
Publicly owned services	0.57 (0.13)***	1.77	1.38–2.27	0.68 (0.14)***	1.97	1.51–2.58
Privately owned services	0.25 (0.16)	1.28	0.93–1.77	0.28 (0.17)	1.33	0.95–1.86
Higher quality of services	1.59 (0.33)***	4.90	2.55–9.43	1.39 (0.34)***	4.03	2.05–7.92
Diversity of leisure	1.18 (0.26)***	3.26	1.98–5.38	1.13 (0.27)***	3.11	1.84–5.24
Recreational activities	0.16 (0.15)	1.17	0.87–1.57	0.11 (0.16)	1.11	0.81–1.52
Cultural activities	1.18 (0.21)***	3.25	2.14–4.94	1.05 (0.22)***	2.85	1.84–4.42
Regional centres accessibility	−0.89 (0.29)*	0.41	0.23–0.73	−0.87 (0.30)**	0.42	0.23–0.76
Road accessibility	−0.28 (0.16)	0.75	0.55–1.04	−0.25 (0.17)	0.78	0.56–1.09
Public transport accessibility	1.18 (0.20)***	3.25	2.19–4.83	1.27 (0.21)***	3.56	2.34–5.42
Internet accessibility	0.21 (0.22)	1.23	0.81–1.89	0.21 (0.23)	1.23	0.79–1.93
Gender (reference = male)
Female				0.00 (0.08)	1.00	0.85–1.17
Age in years				0.02 (0.00)***	1.02	1.01–1.03
Household or family (reference = one-member household)
Husband and wife/cohabiting couple without children				0.29 (0.16)	1.34	0.99–1.82
Husband and wife/cohabiting couple with children or lone father/mother and children				−0.27 (0.13)*	0.76	0.59–0.98
Two family units				−0.81 (0.19)***	0.45	0.31–0.65
Other				0.02 (0.21)	1.02	0.67–1.54
Education (reference = primary degree)
Secondary degree				−0.96 (0.77)	0.38	0.08–1.72
College degree				−1.18 (0.77)	0.31	0.07–1.38
University degree				−0.49 (0.77)	0.61	0.14–2.75
Master's degree or PhD				0.05 (0.77)	1.05	0.23–4.76
Length of stay in the current settlement (reference = less than 10 years)
More than 10 years				0.05 (0.10)	1.05	0.85–1.29
N	4658			4471
-2 Log-likelihood	4530.84			4150.89
Model χ^2(df)	871.38 (37)***			1017.91 (48)***
Cox & Snell R^2	0.17			0.20
Nagelkerke R^2	0.25			0.30
Classification accuracy	77.8%			79.6%

* = p < .05; ** = p < .01; *** = p < .001; B = regression coefficient; SE = standard error; OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.

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