Effects of 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields on signal transduction and antioxidant proteins in human A172 glioblastoma cells

Figures & data

Table 1. Relative expression levels of antioxidant proteins (MFI/mg protein ± SD) after 1800 MHz continuous-wave radiofrequency field exposure when cells were exposed in the presence and absence of serum.

Time (min)	RF status	Serum	SOD1	SOD2	CAT	TRX1
5	Sham	+	1.72 ± 0.10	1.18 ± 0.23	0.11 ± 0.03	1.24 ± 0.06
5	2 W/kg	+	1.66 ± 0.15	1.12 ± 0.21	0.09 ± 0.03	1.23 ± 0.15
30	Sham	+	1.84 ± 0.13	1.30 ± 0.21	0.13 ± 0.04	1.30 ± 0.11
30	2 W/kg	+	1.49 ± 0.08	1.02 ± 0.22	0.08 ± 0.04^a	1.14 ± 0.05
240	Sham	+	2.00 ± 0.42	1.40 ± 0.33	0.12 ± 0.05	1.42 ± 0.30
240	2 W/kg	+	1.94 ± 0.59	1.36 ± 0.41	0.12 ± 0.03	1.38 ± 0.45
5	Sham	–	2.85 ± 0.28	1.65 ± 0.24	0.11 ± 0.02	2.17 ± 0.27
5	2 W/kg	–	2.39 ± 0.29	1.46 ± 0.42	0.09 ± 0.04	1.87 ± 0.18
30	Sham	–	2.68 ± 0.19	1.63 ± 0.50	0.10 ± 0.04	2.12 ± 0.08
30	2 W/kg	–	2.48 ± 0.25	1.61 ± 0.46	0.10 ± 0.05	2.01 ± 0.08
240	Sham	–	2.57 ± 0.41	1.66 ± 0.48	0.14 ± 0.08	1.87 ± 0.38
240	2 W/kg	–	2.28 ± 0.29	1.47 ± 0.37	0.11 ± 0.06	1.73 ± 0.30

Each data point represents the mean ± SD from 4 independent experiments.

^aDenotes significant difference (p ≤ .05) in relation to the time-matched sham condition.

Table 2. Relative expression levels of antioxidant proteins (MFI/mg protein ± SD) after 1800 MHz GSM-modulated radiofrequency field exposure when cells were exposed in the presence and absence of serum.

Time (min)	RF status	Serum	SOD1	SOD2	CAT	TRX1
5	Sham	+	1.60 ± 0.45	1.14 ± 0.41	0.08 ± 0.04	1.10 ± 0.29
5	2 W/kg	+	1.39 ± 0.48	0.91 ± 0.51	0.06 ± 0.04	0.95 ± 0.35
30	Sham	+	1.36 ± 0.24	0.87 ± 0.27	0.06 ± 0.03	0.91 ± 0.11
30	2 W/kg	+	1.30 ± 0.30	0.81 ± 0.35	0.05 ± 0.04	0.90 ± 0.20
240	Sham	+	1.59 ± 0.30	1.14 ± 0.39	0.09 ± 0.04	1.06 ± 0.20
240	2 W/kg	+	1.61 ± 0.27	1.21 ± 0.31	0.08 ± 0.02	1.10 ± 0.37
5	Sham	–	3.34 ± 0.64	2.06 ± 0.62	0.12 ± 0.05	2.40 ± 0.51
5	2 W/kg	–	3.16 ± 0.61	1.64 ± 0.50	0.08 ± 0.02	2.24 ± 0.48
30	Sham	–	2.97 ± 0.23	1.69 ± 0.46	0.10 ± 0.06	2.17 ± 0.23
30	2 W/kg	–	2.61 ± 0.34	1.24 ± 0.21	0.07 ± 0.02	1.85 ± 0.35
240	Sham	–	3.20 ± 0.33	1.88 ± 0.69	0.12 ± 0.05	2.18 ± 0.28
240	2 W/kg	–	2.97 ± 0.31	2.13 ± 0.56	0.12 ± 0.02	2.11 ± 0.57

Each data point represents the mean ± SD from 4 independent experiments.

Table 3. Relative expression levels of signal transduction proteins (total; MFI/mg protein ± SD) after 1800 MHz continuous-wave radiofrequency field exposure when cells were exposed in the presence and absence of serum.

Time (min)	RF status	Serum	CREB	JNK	NF-κB	ERK1/2	Akt	p70S6K	STAT3	STAT5
5	Sham	+	0.86 ± 0.12	0.58 ± 0.24	1.09 ± 0.06	1.07 ± 0.23	0.37 ± 0.16	0.21 ± 0.05	0.21 ± 0.05	0.12 ± 0.04
5	2 W/kg	+	0.90 ± 0.17	0.60 ± 0.27	1.15 ± 0.12	1.14 ± 0.27	0.37 ± 0.10	0.21 ± 0.04	0.20 ± 0.05	0.12 ± 0.02
30	Sham	+	0.92 ± 0.16	0.63 ± 0.27	1.17 ± 0.09	1.16 ± 0.29	0.40 ± 0.14	0.24 ± 0.05	0.23 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.03
30	2 W/kg	+	0.79 ± 0.11	0.56 ± 0.24^a	1.04 ± 0.09	1.04 ± 0.19	0.32 ± 0.08	0.20 ± 0.03	0.18 ± 0.04	0.11 ± 0.03
240	Sham	+	1.06 ± 0.37	0.70 ± 0.28	1.32 ± 0.32	1.32 ± 0.59	0.50 ± 0.27	0.27 ± 0.09	0.26 ± 0.08	0.14 ± 0.05
240	2 W/kg	+	0.94 ± 0.40	0.61 ± 0.22^a	1.20 ± 0.38	1.25 ± 0.60	0.39 ± 0.21	0.23 ± 0.08	0.20 ± 0.06^a	0.12 ± 0.06
5	Sham	–	1.43 ± 0.34	0.95 ± 0.42	1.96 ± 0.28	1.94 ± 0.54	0.57 ± 0.25	0.34 ± 0.09	0.30 ± 0.09	0.18 ± 0.06
5	2 W/kg	–	1.47 ± 0.33	0.89 ± 0.40	1.90 ± 0.31	1.82 ± 0.59	0.58 ± 0.17	0.35 ± 0.08	0.30 ± 0.03	0.18 ± 0.05
30	Sham	–	1.38 ± 0.27	0.92 ± 0.44	1.89 ± 0.21	1.90 ± 0.37	0.53 ± 0.18	0.33 ± 0.09	0.26 ± 0.06	0.19 ± 0.05
30	2 W/kg	–	1.48 ± 0.29	0.92 ± 0.40	2.03 ± 0.28	1.90 ± 0.56	0.57 ± 0.19	0.35 ± 0.06	0.28 ± 0.06	0.18 ± 0.04
240	Sham	–	1.21 ± 0.14	0.89 ± 0.45	1.62 ± 0.39	1.60 ± 0.26	0.52 ± 0.09	0.30 ± 0.05	0.27 ± 0.04	0.16 ± 0.02
240	2 W/kg	–	1.17 ± 0.14	0.84 ± 0.44	1.53 ± 0.35	1.47 ± 0.20	0.49 ± 0.06	0.28 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.04	0.14 ± 0.02

Each data point represents the mean ± SD from 4 independent experiments.

^aDenotes significant difference (p ≤ .05) in relation to the time-matched sham condition.

Table 4. Relative expression levels of signal transduction proteins (total; MFI/mg protein ± SD) after 1800 MHz GSM-modulated radiofrequency field exposure when cells were exposed in the presence or absence of serum.

Time (min)	RF status	Serum	CREB	JNK	NF-κB	ERK1/2	Akt	p70S6K	STAT3	STAT5
5	Sham	+	0.83 ± 0.23	0.32 ± 0.20	1.04 ± 0.27	1.18 ± 0.32	0.43 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.04	0.23 ± 0.09	0.12 ± 0.05
5	2 W/kg	+	0.78 ± 0.18	0.31 ± 0.20	0.98 ± 0.24	1.12 ± 0.30	0.39 ± 0.13	0.17 ± 0.03	0.20 ± 0.06	0.10 ± 0.04
30	Sham	+	0.76 ± 0.13	0.30 ± 0.19	0.96 ± 0.16	1.09 ± 0.22	0.40 ± 0.13	0.18 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.06	0.12 ± 0.04
30	2 W/kg	+	0.78 ± 0.11	0.31 ± 0.22	0.99 ± 0.16	1.11 ± 0.19	0.37 ± 0.09	0.17 ± 0.02	0.19 ± 0.04	0.11 ± 0.02
240	Sham	+	0.84 ± 0.15	0.36 ± 0.28	1.01 ± 0.19	1.14 ± 0.19	0.47 ± 0.13	0.20 ± 0.04	0.25 ± 0.06	0.12 ± 0.03
240	2 W/kg	+	0.88 ± 0.13	0.38 ± 0.36	1.06 ± 0.21	1.21 ± 0.18	0.45 ± 0.12	0.20 ± 0.03	0.24 ± 0.06	0.12 ± 0.03
5	Sham	–	1.82 ± 0.27	0.81 ± 0.77	2.54 ± 0.54	2.85 ± 0.42	0.88 ± 0.16	0.42 ± 0.11	0.40 ± 0.07	0.25 ± 0.03
5	2 W/kg	–	1.84 ± 0.44	0.79 ± 0.87	2.43 ± 0.82	2.70 ± 0.65	0.86 ± 0.12	0.42 ± 0.13	0.41 ± 0.03	0.24 ± 0.04
30	Sham	–	1.75 ± 0.20	0.78 ± 0.64	2.39 ± 0.45	2.72 ± 0.43	0.84 ± 0.17	0.40 ± 0.08	0.34 ± 0.10	0.25 ± 0.06
30	2 W/kg	–	1.61 ± 0.23	0.68 ± 0.67	2.13 ± 0.50	2.37 ± 0.39	0.76 ± 0.12	0.35 ± 0.05	0.36 ± 0.03	0.21 ± 0.03^a
240	Sham	–	1.75 ± 0.21	0.75 ± 0.71	2.22 ± 0.45	2.52 ± 0.25	0.87 ± 0.19	0.40 ± 0.06	0.41 ± 0.07	0.23 ± 0.28
240	2 W/kg	–	1.52 ± 0.14	0.61 ± 0.61	1.93 ± 0.38	2.17 ± 0.31	0.74 ± 0.18	0.33 ± 0.03	0.37 ± 0.05	0.18 ± 0.04^a

Each data point represents the mean ± SD from 4 independent experiments.

^aDenotes significant difference (p ≤ .05) in relation to the time-matched sham condition.

Table 5. Relative expression levels of phosphorylated signal transduction proteins (MFI/µg protein ± SD) after 1800 MHz continuous-wave radiofrequency field exposure when cells were exposed in the presence and absence of serum.

Time (min)	RF status	Serum	CREB	JNK	NF-κB	ERK1/2	Akt	p70S6K	STAT3	STAT5
5	Sham	+	20.71 ± 4.69	62.81 ± 18.26	1.38 ± 0.53	852.90 ± 134.55	184.83 ± 48.21	2.32 ± 0.77	14.39 ± 5.00	ND
5	2 W/kg	+	20.17 ± 3.16	66.78 ± 22.33	1.61 ± 0.17	906.09 ± 36.07	193.36 ± 37.11	2.43 ± 0.36	13.93 ± 3.63	ND
30	Sham	+	23.21 ± 4.92	72.33 ± 18.49	1.47 ± 0.31	887.59 ± 117.18	211.88 ± 53.91	3.09 ± 0.43	17.00 ± 4.69	ND
30	2 W/kg	+	18.13 ± 3.62^a	65.70 ± 17.80	1.66 ± 0.22	861.50 ± 132.15	187.71 ± 51.85	2.43 ± 0.55	12.56 ± 3.48	ND
240	Sham	+	20.74 ± 4.52	70.18 ± 18.52	1.64 ± 0.22	843.25 ± 55.11	188.00 ± 71.90	2.32 ± 1.11	13.43 ± 4.72	ND
240	2 W/kg	+	19.05 ± 5.79	68.32 ± 20.55	1.66 ± 0.50	847.72 ± 145.11	180.97 ± 55.00	2.25 ± 0.83	13.84 ± 5.16	ND
Negative control	n/a	+	18.82 ± 3.33	66.90 ± 25.51	1.42 ± 0.22	945.29 ± 159.99	180.05 ± 73.89	2.53 ± 1.01	15.25 ± 6.35	ND
Positive control	n/a	+	109.46 ± 15.30^b	845.71 ± 170.99^b	2.33 ± 0.26^b	1176.41 ± 105.20	236.16 ± 59.93^b	3.86 ± 1.04	23.62 ± 8.23^b	ND
5	Sham	–	32.80 ± 7.33	60.87 ± 15.70	2.21 ± 0.64	2024.70 ± 1018.47	140.33 ± 25.23	1.89 ± 0.33	13.44 ± 5.00	ND
5	2 W/kg	–	29.05 ± 6.24	61.28 ± 16.33	2.70 ± 0.37	1937.31 ± 609.28	129.84 ± 13.16	2.13 ± 0.31	12.89 ± 2.91	ND
30	Sham	–	30.44 ± 6.89	64.26 ± 20.12	2.25 ± 0.21	1670.18 ± 592.63	130.41 ± 25.36	1.77 ± 0.92	12.86 ± 2.79	ND
30	2 W/kg	–	28.82 ± 6.90	63.46 ± 18.79	2.84 ± 0.87	1976.05 ± 689.57	136.93 ± 20.38	2.23 ± 1.11	13.55 ± 4.78	ND
240	Sham	–	23.24 ± 6.75	62.26 ± 25.00	1.89 ± 1.02	1046.76 ± 317.02	129.25 ± 29.09	2.09 ± 0.69	11.74 ± 7.16	ND
240	2 W/kg	–	21.77 ± 2.91	63.70 ± 27.12	2.20 ± 0.56	1173.75 ± 377.03	130.99 ± 27.01	2.52 ± 1.28	12.62 ± 6.93	ND
Negative control	n/a	–	27.06 ± 4.97	62.20 ± 28.74	1.89 ± 0.22	1673.30 ± 380.73	115.79 ± 24.62	1.48 ± 0.73	13.20 ± 5.95	ND
Positive control	n/a	–	152.13 ± 18.47^b	1268.92 ± 132.35^b	4.16 ± 0.73^b	1868.46 ± 696.25	172.23 ± 36.19^b	3.93 ± 0.56^b	20.61 ± 7.84^b	ND

Each data point represents the mean ± SD from 4 independent experiments. ND denotes not detectable.

^aDenotes significant difference (p ≤ .05) in relation to the time-matched sham condition.

^bDenotes significant difference (p ≤ .05) in relation to negative control group.

Table 6. Relative expression levels of phosphorylated signal transduction proteins (MFI/µg protein ± SD) after 1800 MHz GSM-modulated radiofrequency field exposure when cells were exposed in the presence and absence of serum.

Time (min)	RF status	Serum	CREB	JNK	NF-κB	ERK1/2	Akt	p70S6K	STAT3	STAT5
5	Sham	+	19.55 ± 3.22	50.75 ± 5.39	3.15 ± 0.65	883.67 ± 323.09	111.90 ± 78.98	2.91 ± 0.41	14.20 ± 3.83	ND
5	2 W/kg	+	15.66 ± 0.68	45.54 ± 3.39	2.84 ± 1.11	867.14 ± 308.60	95.94 ± 63.37	2.62 ± 1.00	11.49 ± 0.92	ND
30	Sham	+	17.20 ± 1.81	48.71 ± 11.91	2.79 ± 1.16	780.88 ± 191.12	97.04 ± 47.84	2.90 ± 0.93	12.63 ± 2.59	ND
30	2 W/kg	+	17.99 ± 2.89	50.07 ± 8.37	3.20 ± 1.56	805.41 ± 180.17	97.26 ± 52.25	3.46 ± 1.21	12.75 ± 0.95	ND
240	Sham	+	22.60 ± 5.36	58.30 ± 8.51	3.95 ± 1.17	653.72 ± 146.81	71.71 ± 11.13	4.00 ± 0.86	13.57 ± 2.11	ND
240	2 W/kg	+	22.31 ± 4.96	62.37 ± 3.41	4.61 ± 0.80	719.14 ± 156.75	74.46 ± 6.74	4.59 ± 0.70	13.94 ± 0.57	ND
Negative control	n/a	+	20.89 ± 5.74	50.83 ± 4.18	3.71 ± 0.74	761.18 ± 124.70	75.77 ± 14.33	3.58 ± 0.89	12.81 ± 2.62	ND
Positive control	n/a	+	81.89 ± 16.06^a	685.39 ± 153.47^a	5.34 ± 1.16	976.72 ± 239.26	94.97 ± 21.07	5.55 ± 1.17	19.90 ± 3.69^a	ND
5	Sham	–	40.74 ± 11.79	69.88 ± 21.33	7.81 ± 4.90	3034.16 ± 1178.01	102.17 ± 42.68	5.88 ± 4.31	23.41 ± 6.20	ND
5	2 W/kg	–	55.04 ± 27.98	71.39 ± 24.71	9.90 ± 4.39	2607.20 ± 738.61	100.76 ± 41.09	8.31 ± 4.52	23.88 ± 10.71	ND
30	Sham	–	35.32 ± 5.01	61.76 ± 15.00	6.14 ± 3.13	2810.44 ± 953.16	102.70 ± 60.08	4.21 ± 2.04	17.44 ± 7.60	ND
30	2 W/kg	–	42.54 ± 15.58	61.01 ± 17.88	7.49 ± 3.69	2399.41 ± 983.39	111.41 ± 44.49	7.22 ± 4.77	21.83 ± 7.13	ND
240	Sham	–	42.74 ± 10.68	63.61 ± 10.00	7.79 ± 2.40	1868.48 ± 901.09	71.57 ± 6.61	6.06 ± 2.06	16.26 ± 3.90	ND
240	2 W/kg	–	40.63 ± 9.57	58.11 ± 11.56	8.28 ± 1.71	1739.59 ± 341.68	74.10 ± 9.55	6.19 ± 2.25	17.24 ± 3.17	ND
Negative control	n/a	–	38.21 ± 9.39	67.91 ± 18.15	7.84 ± 2.86	2181.83 ± 637.24	77.24 ± 10.80	6.14 ± 2.47	16.43 ± 2.28	ND
Positive control	n/a	–	191.40 ± 78.52^a	1468.44 ± 467.09^a	12.40 ± 6.29	3181.56 ± 1883.95^a	124.19 ± 35.24^a	9.26 ± 2.66^a	32.12 ± 5.86^a	ND

Each data point represents the mean ± SD from 4 independent experiments. ND denotes not detectable.

^aDenotes significant difference (p ≤ .05) in relation to negative control group.

Table 7. Fold change in the expression level of phosphorylated signal transduction proteins ((MFI phosphoprotein/µg total protein)/(MFI protein/mg total protein)) after 1800 MHz continuous-wave radiofrequency field exposure, in relation to the time-matched sham or negative control groups, when cells were exposed in the presence and absence of serum.

Time (min)	RF status	Serum	CREB	JNK	NF-κB	ERK1/2	Akt	p70S6K	STAT3
5	2 W/kg	+	0.93	0.99	1.12	1.01	0.94	1.03	0.99
30	2 W/kg	+	0.91	1.05	1.26	1.07	1.07	0.98	0.94
240	2 W/kg	+	1.01	1.10	1.10	1.07	1.21	1.07	1.26
Positive control	n/a	+	5.13	17.07	1.52	1.14	1.27	1.45	1.49
5	2 W/kg	–	0.86	1.13	1.29	1.03	0.82	1.69	0.94
30	2 W/kg	–	0.91	1.01	1.18	1.21	0.96	1.26	0.95
240	2 W/kg	–	0.98	1.15	1.31	1.22	1.07	1.42	1.17
Positive control	n/a	–	5.67	22.63	2.17	1.18	1.51	2.88	1.53

Table 8. Fold change in the expression level of phosphorylated signal transduction proteins ((MFI phosphoprotein/µg total protein)/(MFI protein/mg total protein)) after 1800 MHz GSM-modulated radiofrequency field exposure, in relation to the time-matched sham or negative control groups, when cells were exposed in the presence and absence of serum.

Time (min)	RF status	Serum	CREB	JNK	NF-κB	ERK1/2	Akt	p70S6K	STAT3
5	2 W/kg	+	0.87	0.97	1.01	1.04	0.96	1.03	0.94
30	2 W/kg	+	1.03	0.94	1.12	1.02	1.07	1.27	1.10
240	2 W/kg	+	0.95	1.16	1.15	1.03	1.10	1.20	1.07
Positive control	n/a	+	4.18	11.63	1.56	1.41	1.61	1.80	1.72
5	2 W/kg	–	1.29	1.17	1.33	0.92	1.00	1.47	0.95
30	2 W/kg	–	1.28	1.16	1.32	0.98	1.24	1.85	1.18
240	2 W/kg	–	1.09	1.19	1.25	1.10	1.23	1.24	1.19
Positive control	n/a	–	4.63	25.63	1.53	1.46	1.49	1.46	1.61