Identity politics in Okinawan elections: the emergence of regional populism

Abstract

Although identity issues have been central to Okinawan grass-roots movements, until recently few politicians have explicitly campaigned on identity appeals, rather than pacifist ideology or material promises in the form of economic development and welfare. The emergence of identity politics seeking to replace such left–right ideological competition in Okinawa appears to be a new phenomenon. Has it only been under Governor Onaga Takeshi and his ‘All Okinawa’ movement that identity has been used to mobilize voters in local elections? And if so, why has this new type of identity politics emerged with such force since 2014? The type of identity politics emerging under Onaga and his movement is arguably one with strong populist features, which seek to appeal to the unity of a virtuous Okinawan people against a discriminatory Japanese mainland. In Okinawa’s ‘regionalist populism’, how are the ‘people’ defined and their ‘will’ revealed? How are the ‘enemies’ understood and framed? This article seeks to answer these two sets of questions concerning subnational identity politics and populism by investigating identity politics in Okinawan. To this end, the study will systematically draw upon campaign literature and speeches of local politicians, as well as deliberations and speeches in the Okinawa assembly, among other material in the post-reversion period (1972–2018). We suggest that this rising identity politics is indeed new and is born from a number of socio-economic developments, primarily an unprecedented level of distrust towards mainstream parties, the central government, and mainland Japanese among Okinawan voters.

Keywords:

• identity
• subnational elections
• populism
• Okinawa
• Japan

Additional information

Funding

For this research we received financial support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Kakenhi JP17K03536 and Invitational Fellowship S17703), for which we are most grateful.

Notes on contributors

Ken Victor Leonard Hijino

Ken Victor Leonard Hijino is an Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Law, Kyoto University. His main research interests are based on Japanese local government, central-local relations, local elections and parties. He can be contacted at [email protected]

Gabriele Vogt

Gabriele Vogt is a Professor of Japanese Studies at Ludwig Maximilian University Munich. Her areas of research cover multilevel governance, social movements, and Okinawan studies. She may be contacted at [email protected]