Can Flowering Plants Enhance Numbers of Beneficial Arthropods in UK Apple and Pear Orchards?

Abstract

A replicated experiment with fourteen flowering plant species was used to determine the effectiveness of flowering plants as attractants for beneficial arthropods in orchards. The greatest numbers of anthocorids were found on cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) and corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis) and hymenopteran parasitoids on corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum) and corn chamomile. The impact on pest numbers of manipulating the orchard environment by the use of flowering plants was investigated in two ways. In an apple and a pear orchard, a proportion of the trees was undersown with a mixture of cornflower, corn marigold and corn chamomile. No significant differences were found in numbers of Panonychus ulmi (in apple) or Cacopsylla pyricola (in pear) on trees grown in the undersown areas compared with trees grown in conventional bare herbicide strips. When potted pear trees infested with pear psyllids were placed either into plots sown with the flower mixture or on bare earth, psyllid numbers declined rapidly on trees in both treatments. When beneficials were excluded from the potted control trees, numbers of psyllid larvae, but not eggs, declined more quickly on the trees surrounded by flowering plants. The importance of habitat diversity on biocontrol in orchards is discussed.

Keywords:

• flowering plants
• habitat manipulation
• predators
• parasitoids
• Cacopsylla pyricola
• anthocorids
• Panonychus ulmi
• Typhlodromus pyri

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. We thank Martin Ridout for statistical analyses, and Andrew Tullet, Naomi Turley, Rebecca Jolly and Karen Martens for practical assistance.