Managing emotional labour: the importance of organisational support for managing police officers in England and Italy

Figures & data

Table 1. Factor loadings for the Resilience scale for the UK and Italian sample.

	Factor load
Resilience items	UK	Italy
I usually take stressful things at work in my stride.	.78	.72
I can get through difficult times at work because I’ve experienced it before.	.62	.77
I feel I can handle many things at a time at this job.	.81	.76

Table 2. Factor loadings for the Stress scale for the UK and Italian sample.

	Factor Load
Organizational Stress	UK	Italy
Lack of internal equipment	.74	.76
Staff shortages	.81	.75
Unequal sharing of workload responsibilities	.69	.73
Excessive administration	.72	.73
Paperwork	.65	.57
Lack of resources	.71	.69

Table 3. UK – Italy: the composite reliability, average and maximum-squared variance.

Construct	Country	CR	AVE	MSV
POS	UK	.90	.55	.13
	Italy	.89	.51	.38
Organisational Stress	UK	.86	.52	.15
	Italy	.86	.51	.04
Resilience	UK	.78	.55	.13
	Italy	.79	.56	.27
Engagement	UK	.88	.52	.27
	Italy	.89	.55	.38

Figure 1. Path model.

Table 4. Mean comparison: UK to Italy.

Construct	Estimate	Standard Error	P
POS	−.54	.11	.000
Organisational Stress	.225	.08	.005
Resilience	−.28	.08	.000
Engagement	−.23	.09	.01

Table 5. Direct and indirect effects.

Path	Country	Direct	Indirect	Evidence of mediation
POS -> Org. Stress	UK	−.26***	–
	Italy	−.15**	–
POS -> Resilience	UK	−.01 N.S	.06*	Full Mediation
	Italy	.28***	−.04*	Partial Mediation
POS -> Engagement	UK	.37***	.07*	Partial Mediation
	Italy	.39***	−.16*	Partial Mediation
Org. Stress -> Resilience	UK	−.15^	–
	Italy	.16*	–
Org. Stress -> Engagement	UK	−.19*	−.05*	Partial Mediation
	Italy	−.08 (N.S)	.06*	Full Mediation
Resilience -> Engagement	UK	.37***	–
	Italy	.43***	–
Gender -> Engagement	UK	−.14 (N.S)	–
	Italy	.09 (N.S)	–

Indirect confidence interval (p value) is determined through two-tailed bias corrected (95% confidence) percentile method bootstrapped to 4000 samples. The hyphen represents no indirect path.

*** p = 0.001.

** p < 0.01.

* p < 0.05.

^ p<.1.

N.S. = not significant, UK n = 228, Italy n = 220.