Detection of C₆₀ in environmental water using dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography

ABSTRACT

The wide application of fullerene C₆₀ nanoparticles would inevitably lead to their release into the environment. In order to evaluate the environment risks of C₆₀ and the subsequent effects on ecosystem health, a reliable quantitative methodology of C₆₀ should be established. In this study, a rapid pretreatment method called low-density solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) combined high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detector (HPLC-UV) was developed to detect C₆₀ in environmental water. In this proposed method, toluene and methanol were chosen as the extraction solvent and the dispersive solvent, respectively. The optimized volume of extraction solvent and dispersive solvent were 100 μL and 10 μL, respectively. And the best shaking time was chosen as 10 min at room temperature for the optimal homogenization procedure for the extraction of C₆₀ in water samples. The enrichment factor of 50 was obtained with 100 μL toluene, and the recoveries of C₆₀ from various environmental samples were in the range of 81.4 ± 5.0–101.4 ± 6.2% at 1.25–5.00 µg/L spiked levels. The detection limits of C₆₀ in tap water, surface water, living sewage and mining waste water were 0.19, 0.29, 0.34 and 0.22 μg/L, respectively. The low detection limit, good linear range and high recoveries of C₆₀ in environmental water indicated that the proposed method could provide an efficient approach for the analysis and tracking of C₆₀ in the environment.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• C₆₀
• dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction
• high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detector
• environmental water
• carbon nanomaterials

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China [Grant No. 2018jj2490], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant No.21407182], Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Agricultural University [Grant No. 17QN38].