Persistence of three bisphenols and other trace organics of concern in anaerobic sludge under methanogenic conditions

ABSTRACT

The degradation and distribution of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol AF (BPAF) were evaluated in dilute anaerobic sludge slurries amended with a single bisphenol or a mixture of all three and maintained under methanogenic conditions over a 28-d period. No significant degradation of the bisphenols was observed in methane-generating microcosms. Rapid sorption to sludge particles was the primary removal process with sorption observed: BPAF > BPA > BPS. Several other trace organic chemicals of concern in the sludge were detected using quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. Of those detected, triclosan and triclocarban had sufficiently high intensities to quantify changes over the 28-d period in the bisphenol-amended microcosms. Similar to the bisphenols, triclosan and triclocarban concentrations also did not significantly change over the 28-d period with concentrations quantified at 2021 ± 627 and 1864 ± 769 μg/kg dry weight, respectively. Findings exemplify that methane-generating microcosms do not appear conducive to significant degradation of trace organics of concern in anaerobic sludge digesters.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Sorption
• BPA
• BPS
• BPAF
• antimicrobials

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was funded in part by support provided by the Purdue Research Foundation, the Department of Agronomy at Purdue University and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Funds under Accession No. 1006516.