Intra-urban location of stores and labour turnover in retail

Figures & data

Figure 1. Retail employment in Örebro by SAMS areas in 2011 and the selected shopping areas for the analysis in the study.

Table 1. Workforce characteristics in the three shopping locations in Örebro city in 2011. Source: statistics Sweden.

	Downtown	Edge-of -town	Out-of-town
Age (ave.)	36.3	35.0	32.0
Share female (%)	71.0	61.4	64.8
Income, SEK (ave.)	199 300	218 200	196 300
Share self-empl. (%)	11.1	3.0	1.9
Univ. educ. (%)	18.5	19.0	21.3
Ave. distance to work in km (median in brackets)	13.0 (2.2)	16.7 (4.0)	19.0 (9.3)

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of variables included in the GLM analysis of labour turnover 2004 to 2008. Source: statistics Sweden.

Variable	N	Min	Max	Percentile			Mean	Std.
				25th	50th	75th		Dev.
Turnover rate ($T_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{l}}$)	1970	0	0.98	0.33	0.46	0.58	0.46	0.20
Location ($Lso$)
Downtown	1019
Out-of-town	951
Dist. ($Lsd$) to work in km	1970	0.17	124.5	2.37	8.43	11.53	10.94	14.12
No. of workplaces with new entrance within 5km ($Lsm$)	1970	3	35	4	12	15	14	10
Workplace size ($Sss$)	1970	1	42	6	9	19	13.62	10.32
Age ($Xia$)	1970	20	64	24	32	42	34.41	11.94
Sex ($Xis$)
Male	329
Female	1641
Income ($Xim$)	1970	0.4	820	124.3	194.6	240.4	188.0	93.06
Children aged 0–10 ($Xie$)
Yes	545
No	1425
Educational level ($Xie$)
Primary	976
Secondary	900
Tertiary	94
Car ownership ($Xiv$)
Yes	672
No	1298

Figure 2. Replacement LTO and Crude LTO for retail workplaces in selected shopping areas in Örebro municipality in 2010–2011.

Table 3. Results from GLM models on labour turnover in the durable goods’ retail sector.

Variable	Model 1	Sign.	Model 2	Sign.	Model 3	Sign.
Commuting d ($Lsd$)	0.002		0.002		0.002
Location ($Lso$)	0.040		−0.030		−0.028
Local Market ($Lsm$)	−0.002		−0.001		−0.001
Wp size ($Sss$)	−0.010	***	−0.004		−0.004
Year 2005 ($Msm$)	0.120	**	0.030		0.033
Year 2006 ($Msm$)	0.379	***	0.237	***	0.251	***
Year 2007 ($Msm$)	0.109	*	−0.052		−0.047
Year 2008 ($Msm$)	−0.008		−0.346	***	−0.342	***
Age ($Xia$)	−0.009	***	−0.001		−0.001
Sex ($Xis$)	−0.298	***	−0.077		−0.066
Children ($Xic$)	−0.042		0.003		0.002
Income ($Xim$)	0.00001		−0.00002		−0.00002
Secondary education ($Xie$)	0.164	***	0.085	**	0.087	**
Tertiary education ($Xie$)	0.092		−0.001		0.003
No. of cars ($Xiv$)	−0.093	**	−0.038		−0.037
Firm internal (Ff$i$)	No		Yes		Yes
Industry specific ($Kjd$)	No		No		Yes
Level of explanation	.1186		.4093		.4136

* is 10% significant level; ** is 5% significant level; *** is 1% significant level.