Development, preliminary validation and reliability testing of SEDA – Self-Efficacy in Daily Activities for children with pain

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the sample

Characteristics	n	(%)	mean	range	(sd)
Age (years)			13.3	8–17	(2.4)
Gender
Male	27	26.7
Female	74	73.3
Primary pain location
Head	34	33.7
Lower Extremity	21	20.8
Whole Body	17	16.8
Back	16	15.8
Neck	5	5.0
Hip	3	3.0
Upper Extremity	2	2.0
Abdomen	2	2.0
Shoulder	1	1.0
Functional Disability Inventory			16.1		(11.7)
			Median	range	(IQR)
Pain duration (months)			12.0	3–204	(17.0)
Pain intensity NRS*			4.0	0–10	(5.0)

* Numerical Rating Scale 0–10.

Table 2. Items removed from the original preliminary 22-item questionnaire due to cross loadings

Item #	Items	Mean	(sd)
1	To get to and from school the way I normally do	7.1	(2.9)
2	To spend time with my friends at school	7.3	(2.9)
5	To have lunch in the school cafeteria	7.3	(3.1)
15	To have breakfast at home on a school-day	7.5	(3.3)
16	To have dinner at home	8.2	(3.3)
17	To get to and from recreational activities the way I normally do	7.1	(3.0)

Table 3. Descriptive data and factor loadings for the final 16 items in the SEDA (n = 101)

Item #	Items	Mean	(sd)
				SE Physical activities	SE Personal care	SE Daily exertion
3	To walk up and down stairs	7.0	(3.1)	.897	.106	−.148
4	To be active in physical education	4.8	(3.3)	.820	−.162	.112
8	To walk for 10 minutes	7.5	(2.7)	.685	.189	.137
19	To ride a bike for 10 minutes	7.1	(3.1)	.682	.192	.162
7	To shower at home	8.6	(2.4)	.074	.867	−.029
18	To get dressed at home	8.3	(2.7)	.025	.795	.112
20	To wash my hair at home	8.4	(2.6)	.067	.836	.046
6	To be active in academic classes	6.8	(3.3)	−.067	−.031	.976
9	To do homework	6.6	(3.4)	.016	.060	.833
10	To be active in non-academic classes	7.1	(3.2)	.143	.045	.812
11	To use the computer at home	7.2	(3.1)	−.140	.166	.822
12	To clean my room at home	7.1	(3.2)	.180	.111	.710
13	To meet with friends outside home	6.7	(3.2)	.099	.015	.827
14	To be able to concentrate during classes	6.1	(3.6)	−.023	−.122	1.003
21	To get out of bed in the morning	6.6	(3.4)	.174	−.122	.804
22	To watch TV at home	7.7	(2.9)	−.164	.354	.722

Table 4. Descriptive statistics subscales; inter correlation with each other and total score

Subscale	Mean	(sd)	Total	Physical activities	Personal care
Total score	113.7	37.1	-
Self-Efficacy Physical activities (4 items)	26.4	10.2	.75**	-	.66**
Self-Efficacy Personal care (3 items)	25.3	6.8	.72**		-
Self-Efficacy Daily exertion (9 items)	55.4	23.0	.92**	.67**	.74**

** Significant at p < 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 5. ICC values with 95% CI, SEM and MDC for the new, 16-item SEDA and three subscales

	ICC	95% CI	P-value	SEM	MDC95
Total SEDA, 16 items	0.50	−0.21, 0.79	0.059	25.5	70.1
Subscale physical activities	0.47	−0.17, 0.75	0.059	8.6	23.8
Subscale personal care	0.68	0.30, 0.86	0.003	3.5	9.6
Subscale daily exertion	0.51	−0.13, 0.78	0.047	18.6	51.1

ICC = intraclass correlation coefficients; CI = Confidence Interval; SEM = Standard Error of Mean; MDC = Minimal Detectable Change.

Table

1 3	Walk up and down stairs	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
2 4	Be active in physical education at school	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
3 6	Be active in academic classes (for example math, history or foreign languages)	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
4 7	Take shower at home	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
5 8	Walk for 10 minutes	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
6 9	Do my homework	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
7 10	Be active in non-academic classes (for example home economics, music, arts and crafts)	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
8 11	Use the computer at home (surfing the web or gaming)	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
9 12	Clean my room at home	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
10 13	Meet with friends outside home (downtown, at the mall, in a coffee shop, at the movies)	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
11 14	Be able to concentrate during classes	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
12 18	Get dressed at home	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
13 19	Riding a bike for 10 minutes	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
14 20	Wash my hair at home	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
15 21	Get out of bed in the morning on a school day	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure
16 22	Watch TV at home	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Moderately Very unsure sure sure