Assessing prospective and retrospective metacognitive accuracy following traumatic brain injury remotely across cognitive domains

Figures & data

Figure 1. Normalized performance scores across cognitive tasks Higher scores on the POMP scale indicate better performance. MC = motor control; SRT = simple reaction time; CRT = choice reaction time; TD = target detection; PAL = paired associates learning; trails = trail making B-A; EMD = emotional discrimination; EMC = emotional control.

Boxplots overlaid with individual observations of performance for each of the 8 cognitive tasks measured split by controls and patients. Tasks are displayed on the x-axis and performance on a 0–100 scale are displayed on the y-axis. TBI patients have lower performance on motor control, simple reaction time, choice reaction time, target detection, paired associate learning, trail making task. No group differences were seen for emotional discrimination or emotional control.

Figure 2. Rating of confidence of task performance. MC = motor control; SRT = simple reaction time; CRT = choice reaction time; TD = target detection; PAL = paired associates learning; trails = trail making B-A; EMD = emotional discrimination; EMC = emotional control.

Rating of confidence in task performance displayed as boxplots and individual observation points for each of the 8 cognitive tasks completed, split by patient group. Tasks are displayed on the x-axis. Confidence judgments are displayed on the y-axis. TBI patients had lower confidence in performance on working memory compared to controls.

Figure 3. Metacognitive accuracy across cognitive tasks. Discrepancy was calculated using the difference between confidence judgment and task performance. Values closer to 100, indicate overestimation of performance, while values closer to −100 indicate underestimation. Dotted lines represent group pooled metacognitive accuracy. MC = motor control; SRT = simple reaction time; CRT = choice reaction time; TD = target detection; PAL = paired associates learning; trails = trail making B-A; EMD = emotional discrimination; EMC = emotional control.

A plot of metacognitive accuracy; the difference between retrospective judgement of performance and actual task performance. Boxplots with individual observation points are displayed for each of the 8 cognitive tasks completed, split by group. Tasks are displayed on the x-axis and metacognitive accuracy is displayed on the y-axis. TBI patients overestimated their performance on motor control, simple reaction time, choice reaction time, target detection and trail making compared to controls.

Figure 4. Relationship of general prospective ratings of memory and attention with task performance.

The left scatter plot displays the relationship between memory performance and prospective judgment of memory. A significant relationship is seen for controls but not TBI patients. The right scatterplot displays the relationship between attentional performance and prospective judgment of attention. A significant relationship is seen for controls but not TBI patients.

Figure 5. Pooled metacognitive accuracy and measures of mood and anxiety. Lower values on x-axis indicate low mood and higher anxiety, while larger values are associated with better mood and low anxiety.

The scatterplot on the left displays the relationship between self-report of mood and metacognitive accuracy pooled across cognitive tasks. A positive correlation was seen in both patients and controls. Those with lower reported mood were more likely to underestimate their performance. The scatterplot on the right displays the relationship between anxiety and metacognitive accuracy pooled across cognitive tasks. No relationship was seen in controls. TBI patients reporting low/no anxiety overestimated their performance, while those reporting high levels of anxiety tended to underestimate their performance.