The association of sociodemographic factors and risk behavior with unsafe use of personal listening devices in adolescents

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of the study population.

Table 1. Characteristics of the included study population.

	Total
	n= 314
Age, mean (±SD)	13 yrs. 7 mo. (5 mo.)
Sex, n (%)
Male	162 (51.6)
Female	152 (48.4)
Household income , n (%)
<€2800	71 (22.6)
≥€2800	194 (61.8)
Unknown	49 (15.6)
Educational level participant , n (%)
Lower	64 (20.4)
Intermediate	51 (16.2)
Higher	160 (51.0)
Unknown	39 (12.4)
Risk behavior
No	212 (67.5)
Yes	55 (17.5)
Unknown	47 (15.0)

yrs= years, mo= months.

Table 2. Multivariable logistic regression for the association of sociodemographic factors and risk behavior with unsafe listening habits (n = 314)..

		Unsafe listening habits
		>50% weekly noise dose	>100% weekly noise dose
Variable	Categories	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Age (years)		0.6 (.2; 1.7)	0.8 (.2; 3.3)
Sex	Female	Reference	Reference
	Male	1.6 (.7; 3.5)	0.5 (.2; 1.7)
Household income	<€2800	2.6 (1.1; 6.1)*	5.0 (1.3; 18.9)
	≥€2800	Reference	Reference
Educational level	Lower	2.4 (1.0; 5.9)	2.9 (.6; 13.9)
	Intermediate	1.0 (.3; 3.4)	1.5 (.2; 10.8)
	Higher	Reference	Reference
Risk behavior	No	Reference	Reference
	Yes	3.6 (1.6; 8.3)**	3.7 (1.1; 12.0)*

Models were constructed using multivariable logistic regression. All covariates that were expected to have an effect on listening habits were included in the model. Values are odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%) relative to the adolescents engaging in safe listening habits as measured with the smartphone application. There were no missing data on these variables as they were imputed using multiple imputation methods. *P < .05. **P < .01.