Mapping domestic water use to quantify water-demand and water-related contaminant exposure in a peri-urban community, Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of the study area Kampong Ciwalengke in the upper Citarum river basin (upper basin shown in the red area in inset), Java Island, Indonesia. The kampong is a typical suburban area, located between paddy fields (darker patches north and south) and industry (brighter bigger rooftops).

Table 1. General characteristics of the respondents per gender and age class.

	Gender				Age
	Female		Male		18-65		≥65
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Gender
Female (N=175)	–	–	–	–	162	74.7	13	6.0
Male (N=42)	–	–	–	–	38	17.5	4	1.8
Level of education
No education (N=3)	2	0.9	1	0.5	–	–	3	1.4
Elementary school (N=128)	110	50.7	18	8.3	118	54.4	10	4.6
Junior high school (N=52)	42	19.4	10	4.6	49	22.6	3	1.4
Senior high school (N=27)	18	8.3	9	4.1	26	12.0	1	0.5
College (N=7)	3	1.4	4	1.8	7	3.2	–	–
Occupation
Office employee (N=14)	7	3.2	7	3.2	14	6.5	–	–
Entrepreneur/trader (N=56)	44	20.3	12	5.5	51	23.5	5	2.3
Factory worker (N=17)	9	4.1	8	3.7	16	7.4	1	0.5
Seasonal labor (N=18)	8	3.7	10	4.6	18	8.3	–	–
Driver (N=2)	–	–	2	0.9	2	0.9	–	–
Domestic worker (N=4)	4	1.8	–	–	4	1.8	–	–
Homemaker (N=106)	103	47.5	3	1.4	95	43.8	11	5.1
Household income	Average	SD	Average	SD	Average	SD	Average	SD
Amount (USD/month)	97.5	±76.60	147.4	±89.42	110.3	±80.50	69.3	±91.61
Physical characteristics
Weight (kg)	54.8	±10.48	60.8	±12.82	56.8	±11.09	46.7	±8.35
Height (cm)	148.3	±6.17	159.5	±6.71	150.9	±7.35	145.4	±9.41
Body surface area (m^2)	1.5	±0.14	1.6	±0.16	1.5	±0.15	1.4	±0.15

Table 2. Parameters for human exposure modelling. Oral and dermal exposure per activity for age groups, gender, and total respondents.

Oral exposure
Activities	Daily water volume (l/person/day)					Daily duration (min/person/day)					Ingestion rate (ml/min)	Absorption fraction of gastrointestinal tract
	Age category		Gender		Total respondent	Age category		Gender		Total respondent
	18-65	≥ 65	Female	Male		18-65	≥ 65	Female	Male
Drinking	1.71	1.54	1.66^*1)	1.86^*1)	1.7							1.00^d
Cooking	0.45	0.85	0.48	0.46	0.48
Teeth brushing						6.27	5.35	6.24	6.02	6.20	0.50^a
Bathing						28.05	25.29	28.23	26.19	27.83	1.00^b
Swimming						5.36	0.00	6.43	4.29	5.36	1.18^c
						1.50^c	1.50^c	1.50^c	1.50^c	1.50^c
Dermal exposure
Activities	Daily duration (hours/person/day)					BSA (m2)					Fraction BSA in contact during activity
	Age category		Gender			Age category		Gender
	18-65	≥ 65	Female	Male	Total respondent	18-65	≥ 65	Female	Male	Total respondent
Swimming	0.09	0.00	0.11	0.07	0.09	1.51	1.36	1.47	1.62	1.50	1.00^c
	0.03^c	0.03^c	0.03^c	0.03^c	0.03^c
Bathing	0.47	0.42	0.47	0.44	0.46						1.00^c
Laundry	0.30^*2)	0.21^*2)	0.31^*1)	0.23^*1)	0.29						0.05^c
Dishwashing	0.27	0.31	0.28	0.23	0.27						0.05^c
Ablution	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08						0.20^c
Hand washing	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02						0.05^c
Food washing	0.04^*2)	0.04^*2)	0.04	0.04	0.04						0.05^c

Source: a. Strenge and Chamberlain (1996); b. Sjögren et al. (1994); c. U.S. EPA (2011); d. Absorption fraction was assumed as 1 based on U.S. EPA (2004).

*1) significant difference found between men and women (p<0.05).

*2) significant difference found between age groups (p<0.05).

Figure 2. Water usage (l/person/day) per activity (log10 scale). Boxes showing lower quartile, median and upper quartiles. Whiskers show data within 1.5 times the interquartile range. Black dots are the (horizontally jittered) data points.

Figure 3. Environmental pathways, domestic activities (basis for exposure factors), and exposure routes that involve water usage based on the results of the survey.

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