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Research Article

Bankrupt widows. Gendered features of merchant business and bankruptcy in late pre-industrial society

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Map 1. Location of Kristiinankaupunki in relation to Stockholm, the capital of the Swedish Empire and to St. Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire. The map shows the borders of the Scandinavian countries in the year 1807. At that time, Finland was still part of Sweden. Two years later, she became a part of Russia. The source of the map: Mollo Tranquillo, Die Königreiche Schweden, Daenemarck und Norweegen: nach den neuesten astronomischen Orts-Bestimmungen und Reise-Beschreibungen entworfen im Jahre 1807. Available: https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/146952. Sited 9th Jan 2024. CC0. The modifications to the map were made by the author.

Map 1. Location of Kristiinankaupunki in relation to Stockholm, the capital of the Swedish Empire and to St. Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire. The map shows the borders of the Scandinavian countries in the year 1807. At that time, Finland was still part of Sweden. Two years later, she became a part of Russia. The source of the map: Mollo Tranquillo, Die Königreiche Schweden, Daenemarck und Norweegen: nach den neuesten astronomischen Orts-Bestimmungen und Reise-Beschreibungen entworfen im Jahre 1807. Available: https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/146952. Sited 9th Jan 2024. CC0. The modifications to the map were made by the author.

Table 1. Types of credit in each widow’s bankruptcy estate.