Women’s time use and implications for participation in cacao value chains: evidence from VRAEM, Peru

Figures & data

Figure 1. Time use assessment framework of women’s time allocation in the VRAEM, Peru.

Notes: Framework based on the System of National Accounts (SNA 2009), the international framework that measures and defines work. Paid SNA work refers to market production (income-generating activities) and non-market subsistence production. Unpaid non-SNA work refers to reproductive and volunteer activities. Adapted from Blackden and Wodon (2006).

Figure 2. Study areas in Peru. Map data provided by Google Maps.

Notes: A: Río Tambo; B: San Martín de Pangoa; C: Canayre; D: Pichari; E: Kimbiri; F: Echarate.

Table 1. Geographic location of sampled households.

District	Communities	Number of households (n = 53)	Percentage (n = 53)
Rio Tambo	Selva de oro, Los Angeles, Fe y Alegria Shapo, Valle Esmeralda	26	49
Pichari	Quisto Central, Quisto Valle, Puerto Mayo, Otari San Martin, Ccatun Rumi, Teresa, Mantaro, Agua Dulce, Villa Vista	17	32
Pangoa	La Florida	6	11
Canayre	Canayre	2	4
Kimbiri	Sampantuari	1	2
Echarate	Palmeira	1	2

Notes: Part of the stratified sample included six households with only a male and no female. These households were kept as part of the sample to represent all the types of households. In one household, the head female was travelling and unavailable for the interview.

Table 2. Description of variables used in the empirical models.

Variable	Description
Workload	Dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the respondent stated that she felt overworked and 0 if she did not
Interest in cacao production	Dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the respondent was interested in being more involved in cacao production and 0 if she was not interested
Age	Age in years of the respondent
Productive activities	Self-reported time in minutes spent on productive activities
Domestic activities	Self-reported time in minutes spent on domestic activities
Leisure	Self-reported time in minutes spent on leisure activities
Primary education	Dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the respondent has at least a primary education and 0 if she has not completed primary schooling
Young children	Number of children that the respondent identified as being dependents
Flooring material	Dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the floor is cement and 0 if it is dirt or clapboard
Married	Dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the respondent was married and 0 if she was not

Figure 3. Daily time spent on various activities from a survey of women in the VRAEM, Peru.

Notes: n = 45. Average total time use during the day is 971 min or 16.2 h. Numbers are reported as the mean; time does not include sleep.

Table 3. Time dedicated to economic activity and work from a survey of women in the VRAEM, Peru (minutes per day).

	Time
SNA* production	332
Non-SNA** production: Reproductive work (domestic and care)	523
Total work	855
% SNA in total work	38.8%
% Non-SNA in total work	61.2%

Notes: Does not include free time. SNA refers to the System of National Accounts, the international framework that measures and defines work. * = paid SNA work such as market production (income-generating activities) and non-market production. ** = unpaid non-SNA work such a reproductive (domestic and care) work and volunteer activities.

Table 4. Total number of women who performed each activity.

Activity	Number of women (n = 45)	Percentage (n = 45)
Cooking	45	100
Bathing (self-care)	43	96
Cleaning the house	38	84
Care of animals	37	82
Work on the farm with cacao	28	62
Washing clothes	26	58
Shopping for the house	25	56
Free time	25	56
Caring for children	24	53
Other work off farm	15	33
Attended social/religious meetings	12	27
Care of other family members	11	25
Collection of water	8	18
Work on farm with other crops	7	16
Collecting fuel for house; wood, gas, other	7	16
Repairing the house	1	2

Table 5. Coefficients and average marginal effects on women’s workload and interest in participating in cacao production.

	Workload		Interest in cacao production
Variable	Coefficients	Average marginal effects	Coefficients	Average marginal effects
Age	0.3354 (0.0230)	0.0128 (0.0088)	−0.0090 (0.0273)	−0.0018 (0.0054)
Primary education	0.9338* (0.5191)	0.3562* (0.1986)	0.6659 (0.6936)	0.1302 (0.1328)
Young children	0.4215** (0.1726)	0.1608** (0.0658)	0.2930 (0.1867)	0.0573 (0.0360)
Flooring material	−0.6355 (0.4617)	−0.2424 (0.1758)	−0.2160 (0.5330)	−0.0422 (0.1039)
Marital status	−0.8321** (0.4179)	−0.3174** (0.1603)	−0.3956 (0.5406)	−0.07645 (0.1053)
Constant	−2.460** (1.2361)	–	0.7153 (1.5508)	–
Log likelihood	−29.4513	–	−18.7316	–
X^2 (5)	12.27**	–	7.52	–
Observations	53	53	53	53

Notes: *p < 10%. **p < 5%.

Table 6. Coefficients of demographic characteristics for OLS regression of time in minutes spent on different livelihood activities.

Variable	Productive activities	Domestic activities	Leisure
Age	1.279 (3.320)	−7.565 (7.117)	−1.527 (0.9743)
Primary education	108.6 (79.39)	−16.69 (170.2)	−20.22 (23.30)
Young children	−39.52 (23.99)	156.7** (51.42)	−2.475 (7.040)
Flooring material	231.9*** (69.49)	1.814 (149.0)	42.77** (20.39)
Marital status	−84.00 (64.08)	−32.91 (137.4)	6.202 (18.81)
Constant	286.06 (64.08)	560.3 (376.7)	119.32** (51.57)
F (5, 39)	5.34***	2.46**	1.37
R-squared	0.2394	0.4065	0.1490
Observations	45	45	45

Notes: **p < 5%. ***p < 1%.

Figure 4. Level of interest in cacao production from a survey of women in the VRAEM, Peru.

Notes: n = 45. Over 80% of women were either very interested or interested in cacao production.

Figure 5. Participation in cacao activities from a survey of women in the VRAEM, Peru.

Notes: n =45. Harvesting, pruning, and fermentation (drying) are activities with the highest participation.

Table 7. Perceived barriers to participation in cacao production.

Barrier	Percentage (n = 45)
Training and management	33
Household activities	20
No barriers	13
Other off farm work	11
Age	9
Needing more land	2

SNA. 2009. System of National Accounts 2008. New York: European Communities, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank.

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Blackden, M., and Q. Wodon, eds. 2006. Gender, Time Use, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.

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