Developing a framework for a global comparative analysis of the governance of religious diversity

Figures & data

Table 1. Modes and norms for the governance of religious diversity.

1. Incorporated within Majoritarian Nationalism	Strong state identification with one religion May or may not include toleration for other religions May or may not include personal religious laws In radical cases the state takes over or controls the institutions and followers of one or more religions (e.g. Diyanet) The state may come to be controlled by religious parties (e.g. AKP, Muslim Brotherhood)
2. Secularist Statism	State control of religion The state excludes religion from the political and the civic, confining religious freedom largely to the private sphere This mode of secularism may be self-defined as part of the national identity. May include some support of some religions, but religion mainly seen as belonging to the private sphere
3. Liberal Neutralism	Moral individualism – freedom of conscience Anti-assimilation and equal civic standing of all religions Religions are officially and socially tolerated Active ‘de-othering’ but no ‘recognition’
4. Moderate Secularism	Moral individualism – freedom of conscience Religions may enjoy equal or unequal status but all are officially and socially tolerated Religion seen as a public good in need of support (e.g. funding of faith schools) Religion might also be seen as in need of regulation (to match some prevailing values e.g. issues of women bishops/single sex marriage) e.g. social attitudes that undermine tolerance and respect for religion and religious diversity (in interfaith relations and beyond religion) Mutual autonomy but restricted neutrality, including ‘weak’ establishment and unequal recognition Religious and non-religious citizens give each other generally accessible/dialogical reasons in politics
5. Pluralistic (‘unity in diversity’) Nationalism	Multiculturalising moderate secularism Difference-sensitive identity recognition Institutional accommodation of religious diversity ‘Respect All, Positive Cooperation, Principled Distance’ Religion active and present in public and political life Policy cooperation – religious reasons in political sphere Accommodative of differentiated legal status, religious personal laws Primacy of group autonomy and social support for deep diversity