Productivity loss of caregivers of schizophrenia patients: a cross-sectional survey in Japan

Figures & data

Table 1. Caregiver characteristics.

Characteristics	Number (%)
Respondent	171
Age (mean ± SD)	47.88 ± 7.18
Gender
Male	121 (71)
Marriage status
Single	58 (34)
Married	113 (66)
Highest education
High school or less	50 (29)
College	27 (16)
Bachelor’s degree or higher	94 (55)
Current job
Full-time employee	72 (42)
Part-time employee	19 (11)
Self-employed	11 (7)
Unemployed	37 (22)
Quit work for caregiving	32 (19)
Relationship with patient
Mother	23 (13)
Father	5 (3)
Brother/sister	30 (18)
Husband/wife	80 (47)
Son/daughter	15 (9)
Other family members	18 (10)
Household income (JYP)
<800 000 Yen	3 (2)
0.8–1.6 M Yen	6 (4)
1.6–3.1 M Yen	31 (18)
3.1–3.7 M Yen	16 (9)
3.7–5.7 M Yen	34 (20)
5.7–7.7 M Yen	33 (19)
7.7–9.7 M Yen	20 (12)
9.7–11.6 M Yen	9 (5)
11.6–15.1 M Yen	5 (3)
>15.1 M Yen	1 (0)
I do not know	13 (8)
Productivity loss index (%)
Absenteeism [mean (SD)]	4.70 (11.89)
Presenteeism [mean (SD)]	24.96 (24.42)
Annual Productivity loss (JYP)
Absenteeism [mean (SD)]	197 355 (447 275)
Presenteeism [mean (SD)]	2.36 M (3.56 M)
TOTAL productivity loss	2.42 M (3.58 M)
Productivity loss due to quitting job	1.33 M (1.40 M)

SD: standard deviation; JPY: Japanese Yen; M: million.

Table 2. Patient characteristics.

Characteristics	Number (%)
Patients	171
Age (mean ± SD)	48.61 ± 13.95
Gender
Male	45 (26)
Marriage status
Single	54 (32)
Married	117 (68)
Highest education
High school or less	75 (44)
College	28 (16)
Bachelor’s degree or higher	68 (40)
Current job
Full-time employee	14 (8)
Part-time employee	16 (9)
Self-employed	2 (1)
Unemployed	130 (77)
Others	9 (5)
Time since diagnosis  (mean ± SD) [median (IQR)]	11.65 ± 9.51 [9 (5–17)]
Special condition
Diagnosed as disabled patients	105 (61)
Antipsychotic medication class n (%)
Oral	159 (93)
Long-acting injectable	12 (7)

IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; JPY: Japanese Yen.

Table 3. Subgroup analysis according to antispsychotic medication.

	Total	LAI	Non-LAI	p Value
Productivity loss index (%), mean (SD)
Absenteeism	4.70 (11.89)	2.45 (4.36)	5.11 (13.22)	0.529
Presenteeism	24.96 (24.42)	11.00 (9.94)	26.15 (24.94)	0.059
Annual productivity loss (JYP), mean (SD)
Absenteeism	197 355 (447 275)	110 862 (217 558)	204 431 (460 903)	0.548
Presenteeism	2.36 M (3.56 M)	1.51 M (2.25 M)	2.43 M (3.64 M)	0.458
Total productivity loss per year	2.42 M (3.58 M)	1.51 M (2.25 M)	2.50 (3.67 M)	0.430

JPY: Japanese Yen; SD: standard deviation; M: million.