Psychological responses and associated factors during the initial lockdown due to the corona disease epidemic (COVID-19) among Norwegian citizens

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic (N = 4527).

Variable	% (n)
Gender %
Female	85.0 (3850)
Male	15.0 (659)
Age groups %
18–29	25.5 (1156)
30–39	26.9 (1220)
40–49	20.6 (931)
50–59	16.9 (766)
60–69	7.8 (354)
70–79	1.8 (82)
80 and older	0.4 (18)
Place of Residence %
Rural (<200 inhabitants)	4.4 (187)
Village (200–19,999 inhabitants)	25.2 (1141)
Town (20,000–99,999 inhabitants)	24.1 (1091)
City (≥100,000 inhabitants)	46.3 (2098)
Education level >12 years %	75.5 (3417)
Employed or in education %
Before COVID-19 pandemic	87.8 (3971)
During COVID-19 pandemic	81.0 (3667)
Civil status %
Married	60.0 (2716)
Boy/girlfriend	7.0 (318)
Widow	1.1 (48)
Divorced	4.1 (187)
Single	27.8 (1258)
Living situation %
Living alone	22.0 (994)
With parents	7.0 (319)
Spouse	60.0 (2714)
Person > 18 years	16.1 (730)
Children < 18 years	34.2 (1547)

Missing ranged from 0.00% to 0.64%.

Table 2. The prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia by age groups and gender.

			Anxiety		Depression		Insomnia
	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male
	n	n	% (n)	% (n)	% (n)	% (n)	% (n)	% (n)
Age groups
18−29	1052	96	24.3 (257)	18.4 (18)	15.0 (159)	18.4 (18)	35.7 (378)	34.7 (34)
30–39	1071	145	21.3 (228)	12.4 (18)	13.7 (147)	12.4 (18)	29.4 (315)	26.9 (39)
40–49	765	161	13.3 (103)	13.7 (22)	10.5 (80)	13.7 (22)	29.3 (224)	32.3 (52)
50–50	614	147	10.7 (66)	4.8 (7)	10.4 (64)	3.4 (5)	37.0 (227)	23.1 (34)
60–69	275	77	12.4 (34)	9.1 (7)	11.6 (32)	9.1 (7)	32.4 (89)	19.5 (15)
70–79	57	25	14.0 (8)	12.0 (3)	14.0 (8)	12.0 (3)	24.6 (14)	12 (3)
80 +	10	8	20.0 (2)	0.0	20.0 (2)	0.0	60.0 (6)	25.0 (2)
Total	3850	659	18.1 (697)	11.2 (76)	12.8 (492)	11.2 (76)	32.5 (1253)	27.3 (185)

Table 3. Factors associated with anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown.

Independent variables	Univariate			Multivariate
	OR	95% CI	p Value	OR	95% CI	p Value
Age	0.76	0.71–0.81	<0.001	0.77	0.71–0.82	<0.001
Gender	1.75	1.36–2.25	<0.001	1.41	1.08–1.84	0.01
Married/cohabitant	0.60	0.52–0.70	<0.001	0.75	0.63–0.89	0.001
Education level > 12 years	0.51	0.43–0.59	<0.001	0.70	0.58–0.85	<0.001
Residence	1.15	0.78–1.71	0.48	1.21	0.79–1.86	0.39
Employment	1.22	1.16–1.28	<0.001	0.47	0.39–0.58	<0.001
Financial worries	2.68	2.27–3.17	<0.001	1.66	1.38–1.99	<0.001
Infected by COVID-19	0.88	0.45–1.74	0.72	0.92	0.45–1.92	0.83
Quarantine or isolation	1.32	1.11–1.55	<0.001	1.11	0.93–1.33	0.25
Risk group	1.53	1.28–1.81	<0.001	1.63	1.34–1.99	<0.001
Worried about friends and family	2.11	1.63–2.73	<0.001	1.33	1.01–1.76	0.04
Generally worried	3.54	2.91–4.29	<0.001	3.06	2.49–3.75	<0.001

Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test p = 0.23.

Age group is 10-year intervals. Gender is coded 1 = female, 0 = male, Residence is rutal district/village (=0) or town/city (=1). All other variables are coded 1 = yes and 0 = no. Employment is being employed or in education during COVID-19 lock down. Risk group is participants that consider themselves to be at risk of experiencing complication from the COVID-19 in the case of contracting the coronavirus.

Table 4. Factors associated with depression during COVID-19 lockdown.

Independent variables	Univariate			Multivariate
	OR	95% CI	p Value	OR	95% CI	p Value
Age	0.89	0.83–0.94	<0.001	0.91	0.85–0.98	0.015
Gender	1.16	0.89–1.49	0.26	1.06	0.81–1.38	0.69
Married/cohabitant	0.50	0.42–0.60	<0.001	0.57	0.48–0.69	<0.001
Education level > 12 years	0.58	0.48–0.69	<0.001	0.83	0.67–1.01	0.07
Residence	1.04	0.67–1.60	0.88	1.11	0.70–1.75	0.67
Employment	0.39	0.32–0.47	<0.001	0.53	0.43–0.66	<0.001
Financial worries	2.81	2.34–3.38	<0.001	2.09	1.71–2.57	<0.001
Infected by COVID-19	1.12	0.55–2.28	0.75	1.03	0.49–2.16	0.95
Quarantine or isolation	1.30	1.08–1.57	0.006	1.56	0.95–1.41	0.16
Risk group	1.75	1.45–2.12	<0.001	1.68	1.36–2.09	<0.001
Worried about friends and family	1.48	1.13–1.93	0.004	1.24	0.93–1.65	0.14
Generally worried	1.69	1.40–2.06	<0.001	1.41	1.51–1.74	0.001

Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test p = 0.20.

Age group is 10-year intervals. Gender is coded 1 = female, 0 = male, Residence is rutal district/village (=0) or town/city (=1). All other variables are coded 1 = yes and 0 = no. Employment is being employed or in education during COVID-19 lock down. Risk group is participants that consider themselves to be at risk of experiencing complication from the COVID-19 in the case of contracting the coronavirus.

Table 5. Factors associated with insomnia during COVID-19 lockdown.

Independent variables	Univariate			Multivariate
	OR	95% CI	p Value	OR	95% CI	p Value
Age	0.96	0.92–1.00	0.07	1.01	0.96–1.06	0.78
Gender	1.28	1.07–1.54	0.007	1.21	1.00–1.50	0.05
Married/cohabitant	0.56	0.49–0.64	<0.001	0.59	0.51–0.67	<0.001
Education level > 12 years	0.59	0.51–0.68	<0.001	0.73	0.62−0.85	<0.001
Residence	1.18	0.86–1.62	0.30	1.25	0.89–1.75	0.19
Employment	0.52	0.44–0.60	<0.001	0.73	0.61–0.87	<0.001
Financial worries	2.19	1.90–2.54	<0.001	1.79	1.53–2.11	<0.001
Infected by COVID-19	1.03	0.61–1.73	0.94	0.91	0.52–1.59	0.75
Quarantine or isolation	1.31	1.14–1.49	<0.001	1.19	1.03–1.38	0.019
Subjective risk group	1.74	1.51–2.01	<0.001	1.60	1.36–1.88	<0.001
Worried about friends and family	1.78	1.48–2.14	<0.001	1.48	1.21–1.81	<.001
Generally worried	2.03	1.78–2.32	<0.001	1.74	1.50–2.00	<0.001

Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test p = 0.78.

Age group is 10-year intervals. Gender is coded 1 = female, 0 = male, Residence is rutal district/village (=0) or town/city (=1). All other variables are coded 1 = yes and 0 = no. Employment is being employed or in education during COVID-19 lock down. Risk group is participants that consider themselves to be at risk of experiencing complication from the COVID-19 in the case of contracting the coronaviru.