Self-efficacy in Activities of daily living and symptom management in people with dizziness: a focus group study

Figures & data

Table 1. Participant characteristics from the focus groups and individual interview.

Person code	Sex	Aetiology	Duration of symptoms	Partner	Living situation	Work
II	F	Unilateral vestibular	1 year 3 months	Yes	Apartment	Yes
FG1-1	F	Unilateral vestibular	3 years	Yes	House	No
FG1-2	M	Unilateral vestibular	1 years	Yes	House	No
FG1-3	M	Bilateral vestibular	30 years	No	House	No
FG1-4	F	Unknown aetiology	4 years	No	House	No
FG2-1	F	Bilateral vestibular	10 years	No	House	Yes
FG2-2	M	Unilateral vestibular	2 years 6 months	Yes	House	Yes
FG2-3	F	Central vestibular	2 years	Yes	House	No
FG2-4	F	Bilateral vestibular	7 years	No	House	Yes
FG3-1	F	Bilateral vestibular	28 years	Yes	House	No
FG3-2	F	Unilateral vestibular	8 years	Yes	House	No
FG3-3	F	Unilateral vestibular	4 years	No	Apartment	No
FG4-1	F	Unilateral vestibular	1 year 6 months	Yes	House	Yes
FG4-2	F	Unilateral vestibular	4 months	Yes	House	Yes
FG4-3	F	Central vestibular	5 months	Yes	House	No
FG4-4	F	Unilateral vestibular	3 years	No	House	Yes

II: individual interview; FG: focus group; F: female; M: male.

Table 2. Examples of the analytic process and structure for the main category self-efficacy in ADLs.

Meaning unit	Code	Subcategory	Generic category
Vacuuming… you have to move up and down and forwards and backwards.	Alternately standing and bending forwards	Changing of body position or head movements	Challenging body positions and motions
Normally I sleep on the second floor but now I have been forced to move downstairs because I do not trust myself at night.	Walking in darkness	Visual environment	Provoking environments
I do not trust myself when I am out on the street with my grandchild.	Caring for family member	Relations	Challenging social activities
I used to work outside before, but I cannot do that anymore.	Work outside	Task	Demanding work situations
I get muddled and confused if I walk and talk to somebody who is walking beside me.	Walking and concentrating on something else	Concentration	Difficulties performing complexcognitive behaviours

Table 3. Examples of the analytic process and structure for the main category self-efficacy in symptom management.

Meaning unit	Code	Subcategory	Generic category
I have a lot of pain in my body and then I get dizzy and feel nauseous and then I cannot do anything…then I am very uncertain and I give up.	Pain	Other symptoms	Experiences of distress or physical exhaustion
I am scared that I might stagger, that they will see me and think that I am drunk.	Foreign environment	Environment	Unfamiliar environment and unknown people

Table 4. Categories generated using an unconstrained matrix with self-efficacy in ADLs and self-efficacy in symptom management as the main categories.

Main category	Generic category	Subcategory
Self-efficacy in ADLs	Challenging body positions and motions	Standing Walking Changing of body position or Head movements Physically demanding activities
	Provoking environments	Visual Surface Transport Disturbances
	Challenging social activities	Context Relations
	Demanding work situations	Complex work tasks Need of efficiency in executing work tasks Low flexibility on day-to-day basis
	Difficulties performing complex cognitive behaviors	Decreased ability to concentrate Memory difficulties Restricted spatial ability
Self-efficacy in symptom management	Experiences of distress or physical exhaustion	Negative emotions Disturbing/distressing cognitions Symptoms of physical arousal or Fatigue/tiredness
	Unfamiliar environment and unknown people	Foreign environment Lacking social support