Return to work predicts perceived participation and autonomy by individuals with stroke

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of the study population.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population.

Characteristics	Participants
Total, n	109
Age at time of the stroke, years median (min–max)	53 (24–63)
Sex, n (%)
Female	38 (34.9)
Male	71 (65.1)
Stroke type, n (%)
IS	74 (67.9)
ICH	18 (16.5)
SAH	17 (15.6)
Health Insurance prior to stroke, n (%)
Sickness compensation	15 (13.8)
Sickness benefit	10 (9.2)
Charlson comorbidity index, n (%)
No comorbidity (0–1)	77 (70.6)
Mild comorbidity (2–3)	30 (27.5)
Moderate comorbidity (4)	0 (0)
Severe comorbidity (≥5)	2 (1.8)
NIHSS^a
Median (min–max)	1 (0–22)
Mean (SD)	3.4 (5.15)
GCS^b, n (%)
Mild (13–15)	14 (77.8)
Moderate (9–12)	1 (5.6)
Severe (3–8)	3 (16.7)
mRS, n (%)
Functional independency (0–2)	61 (56.0)
Functional dependency (3–5)	48 (44.0)

IS: ischemic stroke; ICH: intracerebral hemorrhage; SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; SD: standard deviation; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; mRS: modified Rankin Scale.

^a n = 91.

^bn = 18.

Table 2. Comparison of participation and autonomy between working and non-working groups, using Mann–Whitney U test.

IPA-E domains	Working, n (%)	Non-working, n (%)	U-value	p Value
Autonomy indoors^a			1080.5	0.001
Very good	60 (93.8)	31 (70.5)
Good	3 (4.7)	10 (22.7)
Fair	1 (1.6)	3 (6.8)
Poor	0 (0)	0 (0)
Very poor	0 (0)	0 (0)
Family role^b			760.0	<0.001
Very good	53 (82.8)	17 (39.5)
Good	7 (10.9)	14 (32.6)
Fair	3 (4.7)	6 (14.0)
Poor	1 (1.6)	5 (11.6)
Very poor	0 (0)	1 (2.3)
Autonomy outdoors^a			854.0	<0.001
Very good	48 (75.0)	19 (43.2)
Good	12 (18.8)	6 (13.6)
Fair	3 (4.7)	13 (29.5)
Poor	1 (1.6)	3 (6.8)
Very poor	0 (0)	3 (6.8)
Social life and relationships^a			867.5	<0.001
Very good	44 (68.8)	15 (34.1)
Good	16 (25.0)	18 (40.9)
Fair	3 (4.7)	8 (18.2)
Poor	1 (1.6)	3 (6.8)
Very poor	0 (0)	0 (0)

IPA-E: Impact on Participation and Autonomy – English version.

^a n = 108.

^b n = 107.

Table 3. Logistic regression with work as independent factor and each domain in IPA-E as dependent factors.

	OR	95% CI	p Value	Nagelkerke R^2	AUC (ROC-curve)
Autonomy indoors
Working – unadjusted	6.29	1.89–20.92	0.003	0.16	0.71
Family role
Working – adjusted for age and functional dependency	8.17	2.47–27.04	0.001	0.35	0.80
Autonomy outdoors
Working – adjusted for age, functional dependency and sex	4.91	1.62–14.88	0.005	0.23	0.74
Social life and relationships
Working – adjusted for age, functional dependency and sex	5.53	1.84–16.56	0.002	0.24	0.75

To avoid overfit, different numbers of factors were adjusted for. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; AUC: area under the curve; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.

Data availability statement

The datasets analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethical restrictions. According to the Swedish regulation http://www.epn.se/en/start/regulations/ the permission to use data is only for what has been applied for and then approved by the Ethical board. Data are available from the authors (contact Professor Katharina S. Sunnerhagen, email: [email protected]) upon reasonable request.