Gaps in access and school attainments among people with and without disabilities: a case from Nepal

Figures & data

Table 1. Accessed formal primary education^a.

⇒15 years	Disabled		Non-disabled
	n	%	n	%	χ^2	p
Total	660	35.8	864	52.8	97.03	<0.001
Development region (≥15 years)
Eastern	135	39.0	170	52.9	15.47	<0.001
Central	137	33.6	180	52.8	56.28	<0.001
Western	141	36.5	178	50.5	12.21	<0.001
Mid-Western	121	32.1	192	56.5	25.00	<0.001
Far-Western	126	40.6	144	45.9	.80	<0.001
Location (≥15 years)
Urban	199	36.7	235	66.9	14.60	<0.001
Rural	461	43.7	629	48.0	68.99	<0.001
Sex (≥15 years)
Males	458	47.9	574	66.3	63.08	<0.001
Females	202	22.6	290	36.3	36.81	<0.001
Age
0–10	148	38.9	166	52.7	13.15	<0.001
11–20	145	37.2	186	50.7	14.01	<0.001
21–30	71	28.1	169	53.8	38.08	<0.001
31–40	97	41.6	116	54.7	7.62	<0.001
41–50	62	33.3	96	54.5	16.54	<0.001
51–60	46	32.2	61	47.7	6.78	<0.001
61–70	46	38.3	64	54.2	6.05	<0.001
71+	20	27.8	25	42.4	3.06	<0.001
Impairment type (≥15 years)					57.19	<0.001
Physical	287	45.7
Visual	94	30.9
Hearing	120	33.7
Visual and hearing	5	15.2
Speech	15	31.1
Mental	40	44.2
Multiple	99	25.4

^ap values age adjusted.

Table 2. Highest grade achieved by disability status and sex (= >15 years) (N_Females = 488, N_Males=1025).

	Disabled				Non-disabled
	Male		Female		Male		Female
Grade	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N
Standard 1–4	32.8	144	23.0	44	21.6	128	23.6	67
Standard 5–9	41.5	197	50.3	105	43.6	258	44.5	135
SLC	11.9	53	8.4	16	16.9	93	19.8	56
10 + 2/A or eq	9.2	37	14.7	29	11.1	55	8.1	20
BA or eq	3.2	16	2.6	5	4.9	28	4.6	10
MA or eq	1.4	6	0.5	1	1.8	10	0.0	0

Comparing disabled and non-disabled: males: χ²=19.30, p < 0.001. Females: χ²=17.77, p < 0.001.

Table 3. Highest grade achieved by disability status and location (= >15 years) (N_Urban = 432, N_Rural = 1081).

	Disabled				Non-disabled
	Urban		Rural		Urban		Rural
Grade	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N
Standard 1–4	20.5	39	32.8	149	13.0	35	25.8	160
Standard 5–9	40.4	87	45.1	215	36.4	96	47.0	297
SLC	11.9	23	10.4	46	21.8	50	16.3	99
10 + 2/A or eq	15.9	29	9.4	37	16.5	28	7.6	47
BA or eq	7.9	14	1.7	7	8.8	19	2.9	19
MA or eq	3.3	5	0.6	2	3.4	7	0.3	3

Comparing disabled and non-disabled: urban: χ²=14.60, p = 0.11. Rural: χ²=14.83, p = 0.01.

Table 4. Bivariate regressions on highest grade achieved (= >15 years) (N = 1512).

Variable	Beta	t	p
Location (urban = 1)	–0.25	–9.91	<0.001
Gender (male = 1)	–0.01	–0.43	n.s.
Age	–0.14	–5.47	<0.001
Environmental barriers (12–48)	–0.06	–2.28	<0.05
WG6/activity limitations (0–18)	–0.10	–3.86	<0.001
Mental health (1–4)	0.05	1.85	0.06
Physical health (1–4)	0.03	1.09	n.s.
Impairment type
Visual	–0.06	–1.51	n.s.
Hearing	–0.12	–2.83	<0.01
Visual and hearing	0.00	0.04	n.s.
Speech	–0.05	–1.33	n.s.
Mental	–0.11	–2.66	<0.01
Multiple	0.17	–3.98	<0.001

Table 5. Stepwise multivariate regression of activity limitation, mental health, age, location, and environmental barriers on school achievement among children with and without disabilities who have accessed formal primary education (age= >15 years) (N = 1508).

Model	Variables	Beta	t	p
A	WG6/activity limitations	–0.10	–3.86	<0.001
B	WG6/activity limitations	–0.09	–3.41	<0.01
	Mental health	0.01	0.46	n.s.
C	WG6/activity limitations	–0.09	–3.22	<0.01
	Mental health	0.01	0.80	n.s.
	Age	–0.13	–5.27	<0.001
D	WG6/activity limitations	–0.08	–2.92	<0.01
	Mental health	0.02	0.72	n.s.
	Age	–0.14	–5.58	<0.001
	Location (urban/rural)	–0.25	–9.98	<0.001
E	WG6/activity limitations	–0.05	–1.83	0.07
	Mental health	0.01	0.34	n.s.
	Age	–0.14	–5.76	<0.001
	Location (urban/rural)	–0.24	–9.90	<0.05
	Environmental barriers	–0.06	–2.11	<0.05