Do personal assistance activities promote participation in society for persons with disabilities in Sweden? A five-year longitudinal study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of the response rate of baseline and follow-up questionnaire aimed at persons granted assistance allowance.

Table 1. Registry data categories and variables showed for respondents in 2010, 2015 and sample.

Categories	Variables	Respondents 2010 N = 10 200 (%)		Respondents 2015 N = 2612 (%)		Sample n = 2565 (%)
Assistance allowance	Hours	112		128		128
Gender	Men	5309	(52)	1308	(50)	1280	(50)
	Women	4891	(48)	1304	(50)	1285	(50)
Age (years)	0–9	403	(4)
	16–19	1187	(12)	255	(10)	253	(10)
	20–29	1484	(14)	419	(16)	496	(16)
	30–39	1179	(12)	344	(13)	336	(13)
	40–49	1298	(13)	338	(13)	332	(13)
	50–59	1560	(15)	365	(14)	360	(14)
	60–69	2392	(23)	687	(26)	677	(26)
	70 and up	698	(7)	204	(8)	201	(8)
Eligible person categories^a	Intellectual	3366	(36)	965	(36)	942	(37)
	Physical	1358	(6)	141	(5)	138	(5)
	Special needs	4867	(56)	1477	(57)	1456	(59)

^a Derived from registry data excluding missing cases. First category of eligible persons classified by intellectual disability: persons with intellectual disabilities, autism or pervasive developmental disorders; second category of eligible persons category classified by physical disability: persons with severe disability following brain damage in adulthood, caused by external violence or physical illness; third category of eligible persons classified by special needs: persons with another permanent physical or mental disability that is clearly not due to normal ageing. The damage is large and causes significant difficulties in daily life and hence provides the extensive need for support and service.

Table 2. PA categories and activities for 2015 for total population and difference in proportion of items between 2010 and 2015 showing percent and p value (n = 2565).

		Proportion of item (%)
PA category	PA activity	2015	Diff. 2015–2010	p Value
Health and care	Hygiene^a	97%	1.87%	0.000**
	Meals^a	96%	1.87%	0.001**
	Dressing^a	96%	1.79%	0.001*
	Communication^a	72%	0.51%	0.587
	Supervision^a	84%	4.48%	0.000**
	Medication	82%	2.57%	0.004*
	Life support	23%	0.90%	0.347
Home	Chores	94%	3.47%	0.000**
	Maintenance	38%	1.25%	0.244
Private economy	Errands	90%	67.91%	0.000**
	Finance	64%	2.38%	0.029*
Leisure	Play	17%	–4.99%	0.000**
	Stroll and shop	93%	0.97%	0.152
	Hobby	82%	–2.57%	0.005*
Social interaction	Socialise	87%	1.17%	0.171
	Family	61%	–5.46%	0.000**
Daily occupation	Work	20%	1.91%	0.020*
	Study	9%	–4.99%	0.000**
Moving	Moving indoors	80%	1.52%	0.059
	Moving outdoors	90%	1.83%	0.018*
	Driving	37%	–0.78%	0.476

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.001.

^a The five basic needs defined in the LSS Act as a prerequisite for eligibility for assistance allowance.

Table 3. Share of PA categories and activities for 2015 for increased (n = 905), no change (n = 1511), or reduced (n = 194) hours of assistance allowance and difference in share of items between 2010 and 2015, showing percent and p value (n = 2565).

		Proportion of items (%)
PA category	PA activity	Increase 2015	Diff. 2010	p Value	No change 2015	Diff. 2010	p Value	Reduction 2015	Diff. 2010	p Value
Health and care	Hygiene	98%	1.57%	0.061	97%	2.23%	0.002*	96%	0.00%	1.000
	Meals	98%	2.02%	0.023*	96%	1.75%	0.021*	96%	1.58%	0.606
	Dressing	96%	1.24%	0.208	96%	2.02%	0.007*	95%	2.11%	0.480
	Communication	77%	4.04%	0.005*	69%	–1.01%	0.418	75%	–4.74%	0.137
	Supervision	89%	8.20%	0.000**	81%	2.56%	0.037*	86%	1.58%	0.735
	Medication	83%	3.03%	0.053	81%	2.70%	0.022*	84%	–1.05%	0.860
	Life support	26%	1.69%	0.335	21%	1.01%	0.412	25%	–4.21%	0.291
Home	Chores	93%	6.97%	0.000**	95%	1.75%	0.037*	94%	0.00%	1.000
	Maintenance	37%	2.13%	0.258	39%	1.01%	0.482	36%	–1.58%	0.791
Private economy	Errands	89%	69.21%	0.000**	91%	66.28%	0.000**	93%	74.21%	0.000**
	Finances	66%	7.30%	0.000**	62%	–1.01%	0.498	72%	5.79%	0.161
Leisure	Play	26%	–8.54%	0.000**	12%	–2.83%	0.002*	19%	–5.26%	0.123
	Stroll and shop	95%	2.36%	0.034*	92%	0.67%	0.487	91%	–3.68%	0.211
	Hobby	87%	0.67%	0.708	79%	–4.32%	0.001**	81%	–4.74%	0.188
Social interaction	Socialise	90%	3.48%	0.015*	86%	0.00%	1.000	88%	–1.05%	0.845
	Family	65%	–4.83%	0.014*	59%	–4.79%	0.002*	59%	–13.16%	0.002*
Daily occupation	Work	24%	5.06%	0.002*	18%	0.40%	0.728	23%	–1.05%	0.855
	Study	15%	–6.85%	0.000**	6%	–3.64%	0.000**	11%	–6.84%	0.026*
Moving	Moving indoors	79%	2.47%	0.078	80%	1.35%	0.218	84%	–2.11%	0.540
	Moving outdoors	89%	1.46%	0.305	91%	2.16%	0.036*	93%	0.53%	1.000
	Driving	40%	2.25%	0.240	35%	–2.49%	0.072	36%	–2.11%	0.665

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.001.

Table 4. PA categories and activities 2015 for age groups < 30 years (n = 749), 30–50 years (n = 668), >50 years (n = 1238), and difference in proportions of items between 2010 and 2015, showing percent and p value (n = 2565).

		Proportion of items (%)
PA category	PA activity	2015 (<30 years)	Diff. 2015–2010	p Value	2015 (30–50 years)	Diff. 2015–2010	p Value	2015 (>50 years)	Diff. 2015–2010	p Value
Health and care	Hygiene	97%	0.43%	0.760	98%	4.22%	0.000**	96%	1.41%	0.083
	Meals	97%	1.44%	0.203	98%	3.02%	0.002*	95%	1.49%	0.092
	Dressing	95%	0.58%	0.683	96%	2.87%	0.015*	96%	1.90%	0.018*
	Communication	88%	0.14%	1.000	75%	2.87%	0.088	61%	–0.58%	0.729
	Supervision	94%	2.89%	0.043*	86%	3.47%	0.040*	77%	5.96%	0.000**
	Medication	82%	1.30%	0.456	83%	5.28%	0.004*	82%	1.82%	0.184
	Life support	28%	–2.89%	0.150	26%	1.81%	0.346	19%	2.56%	0.051
Home	Chores	89%	8.37%	0.000**	98%	2.41%	0.027*	96%	1.24%	0.151
	Maintenance	31%	6.20%	0.003*	41%	2.26%	0.298	41%	–2.15%	0.170
Private economy	Errands	86%	73.02%	0.000**	94%	69.53%	0.000**	91%	64.10%	0.000**
	Finances	76%	12.84%	0.000**	69%	–0.60%	0.813	55%	–1.99%	0.234
Leisure	Play	48%	–13.56%	0.000**	13%	–2.56%	0.125	2%	–1.41%	0.044*
	Stroll and shop	94%	1.73%	0.213	94%	1.36%	0.313	91%	0.33%	0.800
Social interaction	Hobby	91%	–1.59%	0.300	87%	0.75%	0.707	74%	–4.96%	0.001*
	Socialise	92%	2.02%	0.189	89%	2.71%	0.108	84%	–0.17%	0.948
	Family	72%	–6.06%	0.005*	61%	–6.18%	0.010*	55%	–4.71%	0.006*
Daily occupation	Work	36%	9.09%	0.000**	30%	0.90%	0.673	6%	–1.65%	0.029*
	Study	28%	–11.69%	0.000**	6%	–3.62%	0.004*	1%	–1.90%	0.000**
Moving	Moving indoors	71%	–1.59%	0.329	77%	3.47%	0.033*	88%	2.23%	0.061
	Moving outdoors	86%	0.58%	0.784	91%	3.77%	0.017*	93%	1.49%	0.176
	Driving	43%	3.90%	0.091	34%	–3.17%	0.135	35%	–2.15%	0.145

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.001.

Table 5. PA categories and activities for 2015 for eligible person categories, intellectual (n = 942), physical (n = 138), special needs (n = 1456), and difference in proportion of items between 2010 and 2015, showing percent and p value (n = 2565).

		Proportion of items (%)
PA category	PA activity	Intellectual 2015	Diff. 2015–2010	p Value	Physical 2015	Diff. 2015–2010	p Value	Spec. needs 2015	Diff. 2015–2010	p Value
Health and care	Hygiene	97%	1.96%	0.031*	97%	2.27%	0.505	97%	1.78%	0.012*
	Meals	98%	2.83%	0.001*	94%	–3.03%	0.343	96%	1.78%	0.022*
	Dressing	95%	2.07%	0.054	93%	–3.79%	0.182	97%	2.12%	0.002*
	Communication	92%	0.44%	0.773	80%	–0.76%	1.000	58%	0.48%	0.743
	Supervision	95%	2.94%	0.010*	90%	1.52%	0.823	76%	5.62%	0.000**
	Medication	84%	2.29%	0.117	89%	0.00%	1.000	80%	3.08%	0.012*
Home	Life support	27%	–1.52%	0.372	29%	0.76%	1.000	20%	2.19%	0.069
	Chores	92%	6.53%	0.000**	96%	–1.52%	0.683	96%	1.78%	0.025*
	Maintenance	30%	5.01%	0.004*	32%	–6.06%	0.280	44%	0.14%	0.960
Private economy	Errands	89%	72.14%	0.000**	88%	65.15%	0.000**	91%	65.94%	0.000**
	Finance	82%	8.81%	0.000**	73%	–6.06%	0.216	52%	–0.96%	0.545
Leisure	Play	38%	–9.68%	0.000**	8%	3.03%	0.386	5%	–2.88%	0.000**
	Stroll and shop	94%	2.07%	0.070	89%	–3.03%	0.423	92%	0.41%	0.696
	Hobby	89%	–0.44%	0.805	68%	–13.64%	0.006*	79%	–3.02%	0.022*
Social interaction	Socialise	93%	4.24%	0.001**	86%	–2.27%	0.646	84%	–0.75%	0.560
	Family	69%	–6.64%	0.000**	54%	–9.85%	0.074	57%	–4.52%	0.004*
Daily occupation	Work	35%	4.35%	0.018*	8%	2.27%	0.505	13%	0.27%	0.803
	Study	16%	–7.62%	0.000**	1%	–3.03%	0.134	6%	–3.77%	0.000**
Moving	Moving indoors	66%	1.09%	0.465	84%	0.76%	1.000	89%	1.64%	0.126
	Moving outdoors	84%	2.83%	0.061	94%	0.00%	1.000	94%	1.30%	0.179
	Driving	37%	0.22%	0.954	26%	–2.27%	0.700	38%	–1.30%	0.350

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.001.

Table 6. PA categories and activities for 2015 for men and women and difference in proportion of items between 2010 and 2015, showing percent and p value (n = 2565).

		Proportion of items (%)
PA category	PA activity	Men 2015	Diff. 2015–2010	p Value	Women 2015	Diff. 2015–2010	p Value
Health and care	Hygiene	97%	1.78%	0.017*	97%	1.96%	0.010*
	Meals	97%	1.86%	0.013*	96%	1.88%	0.024*
	Dressing	95%	1.16%	0.180	97%	2.43%	0.001*
	Communication	75%	0.39%	0.794	69%	0.63%	0.659
	Supervision	86%	3.87%	0.002*	82%	5.10%	0.000**
	Medication	85%	3.56%	0.003*	79%	1.57%	0.256
	Life support	25%	1.08%	0.450	21%	0.71%	0.614
Home	Chores	93%	3.18%	0.002*	96%	3.77%	0.000**
	Maintenance	42%	1.86%	0.234	35%	0.63%	0.702
Private economy	Errands	89%	67.31%	0.000**	91%	68.52%	0.000**
	Finance	66%	3.10%	0.043*	63%	1.65%	0.309
Leisure	Play	20%	–5.34%	0.000**	15%	–4.63%	0.000**
	Stroll and shop	92%	0.77%	0.468	94%	1.18%	0.214
	Hobby	82%	–3.02%	0.020*	82%	–2.12%	0.121
Social interaction	Socialise	86%	0.15%	0.946	88%	2.20%	0.075
	Family	60%	–6.89%	0.000**	62%	–4.00%	0.016*
Daily occupation	Work	23%	2.01%	0.108	18%	1.81%	0.108
	Study	10%	–4.88%	0.000**	8%	–5.10%	0.000**
Moving	Moving indoors	78%	1.32%	0.275	83%	1.73%	0.128
	Moving outdoors	89%	1.39%	0.239	92%	2.28%	0.032*
	Driving	39%	–0.54%	0.760	35%	–1.02%	0.504

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.001.

Table 7. Binomial mixed model showing PA categories, activities, and proportions of items across time 2010–2015, gender 2015 and interaction over gender and hours 2010–2015.

		Coefficient
PA category	PA activity	Diff. hours^a	p Value	Gender^b	p Value	Interaction^c	p Value
Health and care	Hygiene	4.28	<0.001**	0.90	0.796	1.43	0.509
	Meals	4.79	<0.001**	0.80	0.577	0.75	0.576
	Dressing	2.02	0.024*	0.86	0.695	3.29	0.017*
	Communication	1.08	0.657	0.62	0.071	1.14	0.595
	Supervision	1.71	0.006*	0.64	0.067	1.58	0.090
	Medication	2.06	0.001**	0.76	0.239	0.65	0.082
	Life support	1.13	0.291	0.67	0.012*	0.95	0.781
Home	Chores	4.02	<0.001**	1.18	0.592	3.08	0.011*
	Maintenance	1.12	0.247	0.63	<0.001**	0.93	0.634
Private economy	Errands	39.07	<0.001**	1.08	0.430	1.17	0.354
	Finances	1.27	0.017*	0.92	0.460	0.90	0.456
Leisure	Play	0.21	<0.001**	0.64	0.103	1.10	0.767
	Stroll and shop	1.36	0.215	1.09	0.790	1.65	0.192
	Hobby	0.69	0.012*	0.85	0.347	1.15	0.482
Social interaction	Socialise	1.14	0.492	0.90	0.696	1.78	0.044*
	Family	0.73	0.001**	0.97	0.787	1.10	0.456
Daily occupation	Work	1.39	0.048*	0.61	0.067	1.08	0.760
	Study	0.14	<0.001**	0.82	0.489	1.27	0.515
Moving	Moving indoors	1.38	0.091	1.35	0.283	1.14	0.647
	Moving outdoors	1.41	0.089	1.09	0.736	1.52	0.167
	Driving	1.02	0.842	0.74	0.013*	0.95	0.720

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.001.

^a Reference category “2010”.

^b Reference category “men”.

^c Reference category “women”.