Trajectories of participation, mental health, and mental health problems in adolescents with self-reported neurodevelopmental disorders

Figures & data

Figure 1. Response-rates and retention rates in LoRDIA.

Figure 2. Trajectories of total difficulties for adolescents with and without self-rated NDD and gender.

Figure 3. Emotional difficulties over time for adolescents with and without self-rated NDD and gender.

Figure 4. Psychosomatic complaints over time for adolescents with and without NDD and gender.

Table 1. Number of adolescents divided by gender and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD).

	12/13 years	14/15 years	17 years	Retention rate (%)
Girls with NDD	128	93	67	52
Boys with NDD	143	101	59	41
Girls no NDD	629	602	458	73
Boys no NDD	587	571	356	61

Table 2. Values of SDQ scales divided by timepoint, gender, and NDD status.

		Children with NDD				Children without NDD				GLM
		Boys		Girls		Boys		Girls		Greenhous geisser
Index	Age	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	F time	Time*group
Total difficulties	12/13	13.93	5.74	13.80	5.70	9.58	4.72	9.37	4.76	825.79**	6.08**
	14/15	12.90	4.92	13.73	5.93	9.24	5.28	10.64	5.65
	17	12.02	5.30	13.27	5.13	10.04	5.71	11.09	5.27
Emotional difficulties	12/13	3.09	2.09	4.46	2.67	1.95	1.83	2.79	2.06	9.76**	9.47**
	14/15	3.09	2.27	4.98	2.69	2.13	2.03	3.82	2.50
	17	2.68	2.26	5.04	2.56	2.45	2.17	4.25	2.37
Peer problems	12/13	2.81	1.98	2.50	1.84	1.96	1.49	1.64	144	1303.43**	1.75 ns
	14/15	2.44	1.75	2.23	1.94	1.73	1.51	1.75	1.55
	17	2.39	1.88	2.15	1.64	2.07	1.52	1.90	1.56
Conduct problems	12/13	2.83	1.87	2.31	1.61	1.90	1.46	1.53	1.21	400.88**	3.160*
	14/15	2.46	1.82	2.03	1.47	1.80	1.64	1.59	1.36
	17	1.98	1.74	1.51	1.34	1.65	.168	1.30	1.32
Hyperactivity	12/13	5.20	2.36	4.53	2.09	3.76	2.09	3.39	2.16	5.87.03**	0.73 ns
	14/15	4.91	2.27	4.49	2.37	3.59	2.28	3.47	2.35
	17	4.97	2.36	4.57	2.15	3.89	2.53	3.64	2.43
Impact	12/13	0.52	1.31	0.82	1.73	0.12	0.70	0.17	0.77	57.79**	3.64*
	14/15	0.29	1.03	1.10	2.27	0.14	0.79	0.60	1.56
	17	0.83	1.67	1.55	2.45	0.46	1.43	0.75	1.78
Psychosomatic complaints	12/13	1.31	1.77	2.17	2.20	0.78	1.41	0.98	1.52	3.52*	5.23**
	14/15	1.08	1.72	2.31	2.50	0.56	1.28	1.58	2.18
	17	1.12	1.63	2.22	2.12	0.85	1.62	1.75	1.95

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Figure 5. Hyperactivity over time for adolescents with and without self-rated NDD and gender.

Figure 6. Impact over time for adolescents with and without self-rated NDD and gender.

Table 3. Mean value of participation in different age groups divided by NDD and gender.

	Girl NDD		Boy NDD		Girl no NDD		Boy no NDD			GLM Greenhouse-Geisser
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	ANOVA	Time	Time*group
Frequency social participation										1.99 ns	0.20 ns
12/13 years	4.17	1.17	3.75	1.18	4.39	0.91	4.05	1.07	19.04**
14/15 years	4.13	0.97	3.94	1.24	4.29	1.00	4.20	1.06	3.59*
17 years	4.22	1.23	3.98	1.02	4.47	0.96	4.27	1.11	5.27**
Importance social participation										4.106 *	0.87 ns
12/13 years	5.07	1.08	4.54	1.41	5.24	0.88	4.80	1.19	23.51**
14/15 years	4.99	1.01	4.73	1.16	5.17	0.91	4.96	1.08	7.15**
17 years	5.03	1.21	4.57	1.16	5.11	0.88	4.82	1.15	7.96**
Frequency participation self-care										6.27**	0.370*
12/13 years	3.39	1.49	2.79	1.38	3.25	1.20	2.88	1.31	12.45**
14/15 years	3.32	1.42	2.87	1.59	3.35	1.29	3.04	1.30	7.24**
17 years	3.45	1.38	3.17	1.48	3.54	1.30	3.29	1.48	2.76*
Importance participation self-care										1.02 ns	0.73 ns
12/13 years	4.72	1.36	4.55	1.46	4.66	1.32	4.51	1.54	1.47
14/15 years	4.62	1.35	4.53	1.25	4.65	1.27	4.68	1.30	0.42
17 years	4.78	1.25	4.66	1.37	4.73	1.18	4.68	1.34	0.22

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Table 4. Relation between mental participation, mental health problems and mental health over time.

14/15 years	R	Std error	F	Adj R^2	ΔR^2
Frequency of attendance in social participation
Model 1^a	0.138	1.01	9.33	0.017	0.019
Model 2^b	0.390	0.94	27.69	0.152	0.133
Model 3^c	0.413	0.93	17.99	0.176	0.025
Model 4^d	0.475	0.90	19.94	0.233	0.056
Importance of social participation
Model 1^a	0.142	0.96	9.61	0.018	0.020
Model 2^b	0.336	0.92	16.60	0.107	0.093
Model 3^c	0.241	0.92	11.82	0.113	0.011
Model 4^d	0.390	0.90	11.77	0.139	0.029
Frequency of self-care
Model 1^a	0.118	1.29	6.65	0.012	0.014
Model 2^b	0.374	1.21	25.17	0.134	0.126
Model 3^c	0.390	1.21	15.10	0.142	0.012
Model 4^d	0.409	1.20	13.25	0.155	0.015
Importance of self-care
Model 1^a	0.019	1.25	0.162	−0.002	0.000
Model 2^b	0.238	1.22	9.21	0.05	0.056
Model 3^c	0.257	1.22	5.90	0.055	0.010
Model 4^d	0.287	1.21	5.86	0.068	0.016

^aGender disability.

^bParticipation in previous wave.

^cMental health difficulties SDQ in previous wave.

^dMental health measured at 14/15 years.

Table 5. Concurrent relation between mental health, mental health problems, and participation.

		Wave 3				Wave 4
Concurrent relations	Mental health	N	Mean	Sd.	F	N	Mean	Sd.	F
Participation
Frequency participation self-care	Languishing	81	2.79	1.31	4.39*	40	2.68	1.67	11.73**
	Moderate	535	3.14	1.33	F > L	373	3.27	1.37	F > L
	flourishing	623	3.2	1.31		512	3.58	1.35
Importance participation self-care	Languishing	80	4.29	1.59	5.69**	36	4.50	1.42	4.94**
	Moderate	534	4.60	1.27	F > L	369	4.58	1.25	F > L M
	flourishing	620	4.75	1.23		509	4.83	1.23
Frequency social participation	Languishing	82	3.59	1.37	44.21**	39	3.18	1.78	59.09**
	Moderate	535	4.03	1.01	F > L M	368	4.10	1.03	F > L M
	flourishing	621	4.47	0.96	M > L	510	4.61	0.85
Importance social participation	Languishing	81	4.83	0.93	13.59**	35	4.23	1.55	16.60**
	Moderate	534	4.90	1.05	F > L M	368	4.85	1.07	F > M
	flourishing	620	5.19	1.24	M > L	506	5.10	0.91
Mental health problems
Psychosomatic complaints	Languishing	83	3.81	1.17	156.78**	41	3.22	2.53	69.80**
	Moderate	547	1.56	2.01	L > F L	370	2.01	2.01	L > F L
	flourishing	629	0.49	3.01	M > F	502	0.83	1.46	M > F
Impact	Languishing	84	2.42	2.36	127.42**	41	2.83	2.85	47.43**
	Moderate	535	0.87	1.46	L > F L	370	1.43	2.03	L > F M
	flourishing	615	0.22	0.74	M > F	500	0.61	1.30	M > F
Emotional	Languishing	79	5.75	2.94	131.57**	43	6.23	2.93	90.43**
	Moderate	518	3.90	2.45	L > F M	377	4.36	2.43	L > F L
	flourishing	593	2.20	1.99	M > F	516	2.69	2.10	M > F
Peer problems	Languishing	79	3.30	2.07	79.40**	43	3.67	2.04	59.02**
	Moderate	518	2.12	1.64	L > F M	377	2.45	1.57	L > F M
	flourishing	593	1.35	1.24	M > F	516	3.67	2.04	M > F
Hyperactivity	Languishing	79	5.44	2.15	52.30**	43	6.12	2.19	36.70**
	Moderate	518	4.03	2.23	L > F M	377	4.32	2.40	L > F M
	flourishing	593	3.07	2.28	M > F	516	3.37	2.39	M > F
Conduct problems	Languishing	79	2.90	1.80	47.60**	43	2.81	1.97	29.85**
	Moderate	519	1.91	1.53	L > F M	377	1.66	1.45	L > F M
	flourishing	593	1.38	1.29	M > F	516	1.24	1.32	M > F

*p < 0.05;  **p < 0.01.

Table 6. Mental health, mental health problems and participation in groups based on NDD status and gender mean (SD).

Mental health	n	Freq. part. self-care	Imp. part. self-care	Freq. social	Imp. social	Psychosomat	Impact	Emotional	Conduct	Hyper	Peer problem
Languish
Girl NDD	10	2.80 (1.83)	4.6 (1.51)	3.0 (0.82)	5.0 (1.24)	6.3 (1.89)	3.8 (2.35)	8.2 (2.25)	3.30 (1.70)	5.6 (1.71)	5.0 (1.63)
Boy NDD	8	2.25 (2.19)	5.17 (1.17)	3.75 (1.49)	5.17 (1.17)	1.29 (1.11)	0.38 (1.06)	3.75 (2.60)	2.88 (2.75)	5.36 (3.02)	3.50 (2.39)
Girl no NDD	41	2.92 (1.24)	4.0 (1.68)	3.52 (1.44)	4.74 (1.27)	4.69 (2.76)	3.05 (2.14)	6.68 (2.05)	2.68 (1.42)	5.46 (2.11)	2.95 (1.82)
Boy no NDD	20	2.71 (1.38)	4.45 (1.50)	3.91 (1.41)	4.83 (1.27)	1.96 (2.76)	1.42 (2.32)	3.40 (3.33)	3.15 (2.16)	5.35 (2.18)	3.10 (2.31)
Total	79	2.79 (1.46)	4.29 (1.59)	3.59 (1.37)	4.83 (1.24)	3.81 (3.01)	2.42 (2.36)	5.75 (2.94)	2.90 (1.80)	5.44 (2.14)	3.30 (2.07)
Moderate
Girl NDD	45	3.36 (1.45)	4.68 (1.23)	4.07 (0.82)	4.77 (0.99)	2.38 (2.19)	1.52 (1.80)	5.24 (2.44)	2.09 (1.42)	4.42 (2.30)	2.38 (1.79)
Boy NDD	50	2.88 (1.35)	4.56 (1.35)	3.77 (1.32)	4.56 (1.18)	1.37 (1.88)	0.75 (1.32)	3.32 (2.27)	2.64 (1.89)	4.9 (1.99)	2.94 (1.66)
Girl no NDD	248	3.30 (1.29)	4.64 (1.21)	4.13 (0.91)	5.07 (0.94)	2.02 (2.19)	1.10 (1.60)	4.57 (2.34)	1.72 (1.35)	3.88 (2.30)	2.04 (1.63)
Boy no NDD	175	2.93 (1.26)	4.53 (1.34)	3.94 (1.08)	4.79 (1.13)	0.77 (1.38)	0.43 (1.01)	2.78 (2.16)	1.93 (1.65)	3.90 (2.11)	1.93 (1.55)
Total	518	3.14 (1.33)	4.60 (1.27)	4.03 (1.01)	4.9 (1.05)	1.56 (2.01)	0.87 (1.46)	3.90 (2.45)	1.91 (1.53)	4.03 (2.23)	2.12 (1.64)
Flourishing
Girl NDD	36	3.28 (1.32)	4.53 (1.48)	4.49 (0.92)	5.25 (0.94)	1.12 (1.86)	0.89 (1.30)	3.92 (2.31)	1.58 (1.30)	4.44 (2.55)	1.22 (1.29)
Boy NDD	40	2.92 (1.44)	4.37 (1.14)	4.18 (1.14)	4.97 (1.11)	0.76 (1.56)	0.18 (0.51)	2.58 (2.17)	2.08 1.42	4.58 (2.38)	1.75 (1.55)
Girl no NDD	239	3.46 (1.29)	4.80 (1.88)	4.62 (0.88)	5.35 (0.77)	0.63 (1.27)	0.29 (0.90)	2.64 (2.03)	1.15 (1.16)	2.61 2.08	1.20 (1.16)
Boy no NDD	278	3.09 (1.28)	4.79 (1.24)	4.38 (0.98)	5.07 (1.01)	0.26 (0.81)	0.9 (0.40)	1.55 (1.61)	1.46 (1.33)	3.08 2.24	1.44 (1.23)
Total	593	3.24 (1.31)	4.75 (1.23)	4.47 (0.96)	5.19 (0.93)	0.49 (1.17)	0.22 (0.74)	2.20 (1.99)	1.38 (1.29)	3.07 2.28	1.35 (1.24)
Three-way ANOVA	Freq. part. self-care	Imp. part. self-care	Freq. social	Imp. social	Psycho-somat	Impact	Emotional	Conduct	Hyper	Peer problem
Corrected model	3.20 (0.028)	2.11 (0.019)	10.52 (0.085)	5.26 (0.045)	48.12 (0.298)	36.99 (0.250)	47.64 (0.308)	12.31 (0.103)	14.8 (0.121)	18.83 (0.15)
Intercept	1806.47 (0.596)	4150.10 (0.773)	5499.83 (0.818)	7911.34 (0.866)	498.02 (0.285)	333.05 (0.214)	1305.31 (0.526)	859.06 (0.422)	1433.72 (0.549)	976.29 (0.453)
Gender	7.66 (0.006)	ns	ns	ns	105.76 (0.078)	94.60 (0.072)	106.52 (0.083)	ns	ns	ns
NDD	ns	ns	ns	ns	7.91 (0.006)	ns	15.99 (0.013)	7.33 (0.006)	12.71 (0.011)	19.30 (0.016)
MHC	3.44 (0.006)	ns	22.99 (0.036)	9.0 (0.015)	71.71 (0.103)	54.941 (0.083)	52.94 (0.082)	25.97 (0.0.42)	15.80 (0.026)	62.32 (0.096)
Gender*NDD	ns	ns	ns	ns	4375 (0.003)	9.98 (0.008)	ns	ns	ns	ns
Gender*mental health	ns	ns	4.17 (0.006)	ns	23.97 (0.037)	17.19 (0.27)	9.02 (0.015)	ns	ns	ns
Mental health*NDD	ns	3.65 (0.006)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	4.47 (0.008)	3.84 (0.006)
All three	ns	ns	ns	ns	3.28 (0.005)	ns	ns	ns	ns	3.545 (0.006)
	0.02	0.01	0.08	0.04	0.29	0.243	0.301	0.095	0.113	0.142

F: (partial Eta²) are reported. All F-values reported are significant at p < 0.05.