Physical dependence and urinary catheters both strongly relate to physical inactivity in adults during hospital stay: a cross-sectional, observational study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram showing inclusion of participants.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics and factors.

	All hospitalized patients
	N = 114
Demographic characteristics
Age (years), median (IQR)	60 (47–70)
Length of stay (days), median (IQR)	13 (8–25)
Female n (%)	42 (36.8%)
Pre-admission living situation, n (%)
Alone	42 (36.8%)
Partner	67 (58.7%)
Caregiver	1 (0.9%)
Rehab center	1 (0.9%)
Nursing home	1 (0.9%)
Missing	2 (1.8%)
Discharge destination, n (%)
Home	101 (88.6%)
Rehab center	4 (3.6%)
Nursing home	1 (0.9%)
Secondary hospital	5 (4.4%)
End-of-life care center	1 (0.9%)
Died	2 (1.8%)
Unplanned readmission < 3 months, n (%)	34 (30.4%)
Factors
Admission-day of observations^a, median (IQR)	8 (3–14.5)
Acute admission, n (%)	68 (59.6%)
Surgery during admission, n (%)	48 (42.9%)
Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR)	3 (1–6)
Preadmission ADL-impairment^b, n (%)	16 (14%) (missing n = 5)
Muscle strength (kg)^c, mean (SD)	30.89 (14.18)
AM-PAC Basic Mobility^d, median (IQR)	24 (21.5–24)
Independent in basic mobility^e, n (%)	40 (35.1%)
AM-PAC daily activity^f, median (IQR)	24 (21–24) (missing n = 1)
Mobility-related self-efficacy score^g, median (IQR)	23 (18.75–27) (missing n = 6)
IV-lines, n (%)
0	12 (10.5%)
1	68 (59.6%)
2	21 (18.4%)
3	10 (8.8%)
4	3 (2.6%)
Drains, n (%)
0	79 (69.3%)
1	19 (16.7%)
2	12 (10.5%)
3	3 (2.6%)
4	1 (0.9%)
Presence of a urine catheter, n (%)	30 (26.3%)
Hospital isolation precautions, n (%)
None	99 (86.8%)
Contact	12 (10.5%)
Contact + airborne	3 (2.7%)

IQR: Interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; kg: kilograms; ^aNumber of days between the day of admission and day of observation; ^bMeasured using the Katz-ADL; ^cHand-held dynamometer; ^dActivity Measure for Post-Acute Care “6-clicks” Basic Mobility score; ^eUsing questions 1–5 AM-PAC Basic Mobility short form; ^fActivity Measure for Post-Acute Care “6-clicks” Daily Activity short form; ^gmaximal self-efficacy score = 28.

Table 2. Linear regression with factors associated with physical inactivity (−ln[physical activity in minutes]) using the imputed dataset.

Independent variable	Univariable			Multivariable
	Regression coefficient β			Regression coefficient β
	Estimate	95% CI	p-Value	Estimate	95% CI	p-Value
Age	0.011	0.000 to 0.022	0.041	0.004	−0.004 to 0.012	0.359
Hospital ward
Gastrointestinal surgery #1	0.297	−0.227 to 0.822	0.263	–	–	–
Gastrointestinal surgery #2	0.762	0.216 to 1.309	0.007	–	–	–
Haematology	−0.221	−0.745 to 0.303	0.405	–	–	–
Infectious diseases	0.344	−0.195 to 0.882	0.209	–	–	–
Cardiology^a	–	–	–	–	–	–
Number of days already admitted before day of observation	0.011	0.000 to 0.022	0.051	–	–	–
Acute admission	0.155	−0.219 to 0.529	0.416	–	–	–
Surgery during admission	0.445	0.084 to 0.807	0.016	−0.019	−0.343 to 0.306	0.910
Comorbidities^b	0.022	−0.045 to 0.088	0.523	–	–	–
Preadmission ADL-impairment^c	0.400	−0.097 to 0.898	0.155	–	–	–
Muscle strength^d	−0.011	−0.024 to 0.001	0.084	–	–	–
Independent in basic mobility^e	−1.250	−1.539 to −0.961	<0.001	−0.955	−0.641 to −1.269	<0.001
Independence in ADL^f	−0.162	−0.207 to −0.117	<0.001	–	–	–
Mobility-related self-efficacy score	−0.054	−0.082 to −0.026	<0.001	−0.023	−0.047 to 0.002	0.067
Number of IV-lines	0.306	0.105 to 0.507	0.003	0.157	−0.046 to 0.315	0.144
Number of drains	0.197	−0.007 to 1.931	0.058	–	–	–
Presence of a urine catheter	0.887	0.525 to 1.250	<0.001	0.463	0.096 to 0.830	0.014
Presence of hospital isolation precautions	0.423	−0.140 to 0.985	0.141	–	–	–

CI: Confidence interval; ^aCardiology hospital ward has been used as reference; ^bUsing the Charlson Comorbidity Index; ^cUsing the Katz-ADL; ^dUsing the hand-held dynamometer; ^eUsing questions 1–5 Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC) Basic Mobility; ^fActivity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC) Daily Activity short form.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, S. J. G. Geelen, upon reasonable request.