An assessment of the content and properties of extended and instrumental activities of daily living scales: a systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Prisma flowchart.

Table 1. Description of the included questionnaires.

Scale	Item no.	Assessment	Goal	Function measured	Year
Activities of daily living questionnaire (adlq) [16]	28	Questionnaire	Assessment of functional abilities in patients with ad and dementia	BADL + EADL	2004
Bayer activities of daily living scale (badl) [17]	25	Questionnaire	Assess deficits in patients with mci/mild-to-moderate dementia	BADL, EADL + COGNITION	1998
Bblessed dementia rating scale (blessed ds) [18]	22	Interview-based questionnaire	To quantify the degree of intellectual and personality deterioration in elderly	BADL, EADL AND BEHAVIOUR	1968
Bristol activities of daily living (bristol adl) [19]	20	Questionnaire	To assess the ability of patient with dementia in daily activities	BADL + EADL	1996
Cleveland scale for activities of daily living (csadl) [20]	47	Interview-based questionnaire	To assess functional difficulties of patients with dementia	BADL + EADL	2001
Disability assessment for dementia (dad) [21]	40	Interview-based questionnaire	To assess basic and instrumental daily activities in patients with dementia	BADL, EADL	1999
Interview for deterioration in daily living activities in dementia (iddd) [22]	33	Interview-based questionnaire	To assess (e)adl in dementia	BADL + EADL	1997
Lawton & Brody instrumental activities of daily living scale (lawton iadl) [1,23–30]	8	Interview-based questionnaire	To assess eadl necessary for older people	EADL	1969
Performance-based instrumental activities of daily living (tpiadl) [31]	5	Performance-based assessments	To assess eadl necessary for older people	EADL	2014
International classification of functioning, disability and health (icf-iadl) [32]	8	Questionnaire	To assess eadl necessary for older people	EADL	2017
Self-care ability scale for the elderly (t-sase) [33]	17	Questionnaire	Assess self-care ability reviewed from cognitive, affective and behavioural component	BADL + EADL	1996
Amsterdam iadl questionnaire (a-iadl-q) [34,35]	70	Questionnaire	To assess complex adls necessary for older people	EADL	2012
The Nottingham extended activities of daily living (neadl) [36]	22	Questionnaire	Assess of iadl for use with patients recovering from stroke	EADL	1987
Functional independence measure (fim) [26]	18	Questionnaire	Assess disability in a variety of populations	BADL + EADL	1994
Performance based assessment of instrumental activities of daily living (pa-iadl) [37]	14	Performance-based assessments	Assess disability in a variety of populations	EADL	2018

* Basic activities of daily living (bADL) are basic selfcare activities to live independently. **Extended activities of daily living (eADL) are everyday tasks beyond bADL for a better quality of life.

Table 2. An overview of the main tasks included in eADL scales.

	Finances	Meal prep	Medication	Transportation	Reading	Shopping	Social behaviour	House Keeping	Laundry	Telephone/ Computer	Communication	Hobbies	Employment
ADLQ
B-ADL
Blessed-DS
Bristol-ADL
CSADL
DAD
IDD
Lawton ADL
NEADL
TRIADL
ICF-IADL
T-SASE
A-IADL-Q
FIM
PA-IADL

Grey boxes signify that the item is part of the scale.

Table 3. Overview COSMIN reviewed properties.

	Scale	Convergent validity	Known-group validity	Content Validity	Structural validity	Responsive Ness	Reliability	Cross-cultural validity	Criterion validity	Internal consistency
Tong and Man [23]	Lawton IADL
Siriwardhana et al. [24]	Lawton IADL
Chen et al. [38]	TPIADL
Ozkeskin et al. [33]	T-SASE
Tozlu et al. [6]	DAD
Ottenbacher et al. [38]	FIM
Isik et al. [25]	Lawton IADL
Mehraban et al. [26]	Lawton IADL
Vergara et al. [27]	Lawton IADL
Chen et al. [31]	TPIADL
Hokoishi et al. [39]	PSMS + Lawton IADL
Pérez et al. [40]	PA-IADL
Stringer et al. [34]	A-IADL-Q
Ng et al. [28]	Lawton IADL
Chuang et al. [32]	ICF-IADL
Wang et al. [29]	Lawton IADL
Sikkes et al. [9]	A-IADL-Q
Kadar et al. [30]	Lawton IADL
Mirzadeh et al. [1]	Lawton IADL
Cole et al. [18]	Blessed-IADL
Johnson et al. [16]	ADLQ
Erzigkeita et al. [17]	BADL

Green = very good; Yellow = adequate; grey = doubtful; Red = Inadequate.

Table 4. Overview of the assessment of the properties per article.

							Reliability
	Scale	Convergent validity	Known-group validity	Content validity	Structural validity	Responsiveness	Inter-rater	Test-retest	Cross-cultural validity	Criterion validity	Internal consistency
Tong and Man [23]	Lawton IADL	++	++	++			ICC 0.99	ICC 0.90
Siriwardhana et al. [24]	Lawton IADL	++	++		EFA 0.898		ICC 0.57-0.91	N/A	+		α 0.918
Chen et al. [38]	TPIADL	−0.82 < r < 0.50	+							ROC 0.53 − 0.91	α 0.820
Ozkeskin et al. [33]	T-SASE	0.35 < r < 0.50					N/A	ICC 0.914			α 0.912
Tozlu et al. [6]	DAD	r 0.928					ICC 0.994	ICC 0.996			α 0.942
Ottenbacher et al. [38]	FIM	r 0.85					ICC 0.90	ICC 0.99
Isik et al. [25]	Lawton IADL	0.843 < r < 0.896					N/A	ICC 0.915			α 0.843
Mehraban et al. [26]	Lawton IADL	r −0.668		++			ICC 0.961	ICC 0.993			α 0.728-0.768
Vergara et al. [27]	Lawton IADL	0.61 < r < 0.87	+			SES 0.79 SRM 0.84					α 0.94
Chen et al. [31]	TPIADL	−0.663 < r <-0.587								ROC 0.888 + 0.633	α 0.84
Hokoishi et al. [39]	PSMS + Lawton IADL						ICC 0.901-0.95 +0.847– 0.962	N/A
Pérez et al. [40]	PA-IADL	+					r 0.99	r 0.75			α 0.82
Stringer et al. [34]	A-IADL-Q	−0.46 <Tb < 0.38*							+
Ng et al. [28]	Lawton IADL	+	+								α 0.91
Chuang et al. [32]	ICF-IADL	−0.948 <r<–0.503				SRM 0.23-0.82				−0.574 < r< −0.247
Wang et al.[29]	Lawton IADL							κ = 0.51–0.66		+
Sikkes et al. [9]	A-IADL-Q	Tb 00.37	SD 00.49
Kadar et al. [30]	Lawton IADL			++			ICC 0.957	ICC0.950			α 0.838
Mirzadeh et al. [1]	Lawton IADL	0.182<r < 0.563						ICC 0.96		0.09< r < 0.56
Cole et al. [18]	Blessed-IADL						r 0.59	N/A
Johnson et al. [16]	ADLQ	r 0.50 + r-0.42					N/A	++
Erzigkeita et al. [17]	BADL	0.463 <r < 0.998								+	α 0.98
Bucks et al. [19]	Bristol ADL	r −0.55						0.64 <k < 0.94
Patterson et al. [20]	CSADL	0.81<r < 0.90	+				0.84<r < 0.92	N/A			α 0.97
Böhm et al. [22]	IDDD		r 0.81					ICC 0.94			α 0.985
Harwood et al. [36]	NEADL	r 0.72				+-		0.79 <r < 0.96	+		α 0.90

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