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Articles

Writing Gaullist Feminism: Françoise Parturier's Open Letters 1968–1974

Pages 313-327 | Published online: 14 Sep 2011
 

Abstract

Gaullist feminist Françoise Parturier's open letters written during the second wave women's movement in France are striking examples of how politically engaged women use writing in innovative ways in order to make intellectual interventions. Her polemical feminist writing takes up and reconfigures traditional ways of interacting in the public space, recalling earlier precedents such as Zola's 1898 J'accuse, instrumental in the revisiting of the Dreyfus affair. In this context, Parturier's letters and her rhetorical innovation can be seen as a bridging step to the formal experimentation characteristic of écriture féminine culminating in the radical shattering of conventions more readily associated with radical writings by Hélène Cixous and Annie Leclerc.

Les lettres ouvertes de Françoise Parturier, féministe gaulliste, écrites et publiées pendant les années du deuxième mouvement féministe en France sont des exemples saisissants des interventions des femmes engagées dans la sphère publique. De cette façon, elles suivent une tradition de l'engagement qui rappelle des précédents importants comme J'accuse, la lettre ouverte d'Emile Zola (1898), catalyseur pour la reconsidération de l'Affaire Dreyfus. Dans ce contexte, les lettres de Parturier et ses stratégies rhétoriques novatrices peuvent être vues comme un pas vers l'expérimentation formelle de l'écriture féminine et la rupture radicale avec certaines conventions littéraires que représentent les écrits d'Hélène Cixous et d'Annie Leclerc.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Margaret Atack, Andrea Mammone, Frédéric Royall as well as the editor and anonymous readers at Modern & Contemporary France for their helpful comments and suggestions on this article.

Notes

 [1] Gisèle Halimi is a Tunisian-born lawyer who came to prominence over the Djamila Boupacha case of 1960, where she defended an Algerian woman accused of terrorism charges who was tortured by French forces. Halimi enlisted the help of Simone de Beauvoir to head this campaign. For more on this see Halimi's Djamila Boupacha (Citation1962) to which Beauvoir lent her name and Caputi (Citation2006).

 [2] As Dorothy Kaufmann-McCall asserts, Psych et Po emphasised women's difference as a means to liberation from patriarchal frameworks. For more on this see Kaufmann-McCall (Citation1983, p. 285).

 [3] Cixous makes her reservations clear: ‘The MLF is a necessity as are other enterprises with varying strategies and means, which crystallize women's struggle. I have never been a part of MLF. Primarily, no doubt, because I did not have a personal need for it. […] There are MLF women among my student comrades. On the other hand, their problematics—at least the ones defined by the “Politics and Psychoanalysis” group—have always struck me as being encumbered with non-viable contradictions. But all of this keeps me at a distance, in a position of sympathy, certainly, and in keeping with the militant praxis which can be mine where I am and where I can have the efficacy I want’ (Makward & Cixous Citation1976, p. 23).

 [4] Benoîte Groult is a writer and feminist; she famously presided over the commission for the feminisation of job titles from February 1984 until its dissolution in January 1986. For more on this see Houdebine (Citation1987).

 [5] The excerpt in question comprised the section ‘Le monopole masculin pour l'exploitation de la planète est terminé’ until ‘Il est certain qu'on rapetisse rarement une âme sans l'abîmer et, de même qu'il ne pousse rien dans un terre inculte, un esprit ne donne rien sans culture.’

 [6] Parturier employs this phrase herself early in the letter to refer to men's stereotypes which immure women: ‘il y a d'ailleurs, pour revenir à l'éternel féminin, des méthodes beaucoup moins aimables’ (1968a, p. 13).

 [7] ‘Il serait banal de le noter si cette vieille idée romaine du dogme de la suprématie de l'homme n'avait façonné que les esprits masculins, mais elle a contaminé aussi les femmes, et parfois j'ai l'impression que ce sont ces esprits-là qui seront les plus difficiles à démystifier’ (1968a, p. 33).

 [8] Echoing Beauvoir's theories of constructed sexes, Parturier states: ‘l'originalité du nouveau féminisme est d'avoir démontré que la femme est un être faussé, fabriqué, trafiqué, conditionné, une invention masculine à usage masculin’ (1974a,b, p. 25). An aspect of CitationBadinter's theory (1992) that proved particularly unsettling for many was her suggestion that it would one day be possible for men to carry children and to become mothers. See an interview with her in Menard, May 1986, p. 18.

 [9] ‘F.P. – Le Président, j'en suis sûre, souhaite vous faire vivre dans une honnête aisance et il espère que vous serez économe et réservée. Marianne – Et que je saurai rester à ma place de bonne petite république de second plan ! Aurais-je sans le savoir épousé un modeste ?’, Le Figaro, 16 October 1974.

[10] Giroud outlines her opposition to the lack of consultation with women on matters such as the availability of contraception: ‘ainsi éclate dans la situation la plus propre à impliquer les femmes, le fait que toutes les décisions concernant la collectivité nationale continuent d'être prises par des hommes et par eux seuls. Est-ce bien raisonnable ?’ (1972).

[11] On Giroud's appointment as Secrétaire d'état à la condition féminine, Groult wrote her a letter of support in Le Nouvel Observateur (Groult Citation1974).

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