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Articles

Gift and Reciprocity at Work? Using Mauss to Explore Justifications for the Solidarity Day in the Aftermath of the 2003 Heatwave

Pages 343-361 | Published online: 02 Jan 2014
 

Abstract

The August 2003 heatwave resulted in an additional 15,000 deaths in France, mostly among the very old. In the aftermath of the disaster, an annual Solidarity Day (Journée de Solidarité) was introduced as part of the reform process. By cancelling a public holiday, the French government sought to raise 2 billion euros to finance healthcare for the elderly and disabled. The first such day in May 2005 led to confusion, with opposition from unions, demonstrations by public sector employees and considerable uncertainty among the workforce as to its legal status. This article seeks to analyse this public policy experiment through the lens of Marcel Mauss' theory of gift and reciprocity, exploring potential normative justifications for the French state's organisation of the day—and therein the constraints—while examining the moral and political obligations placed upon workers, the elderly and the Republic through the engineering of collective solidarity. It seeks to test the relevance and limits of the gift cycle as a tool for contemporary political and social analysis of the modern welfare state.

La canicule du mois d'août 2003 a vu la mort de 15 000 personnes supplémentaires en France, majoritairement des personnes âgées. Une conséquence de cet événement a été la mise en place d'une Journée de Solidarité : en annulant un jour férié, le gouvernement français espérait lever à peu près 2 milliards d'euros afin de financer des équipements de soin à destination des personnes âgées et handicapées. En mai 2005, la première Journée de Solidarité s'est soldée par une importante confusion liée aux incertitudes des salariés quant à son organisation et son statut, ainsi que par une opposition syndicale. Cet article vise à analyser cette expérience de politique publique à travers la théorie du don et de la réciprocité de Marcel Mauss. Il aborde à la fois la question des justifications normatives pour comprendre l'origine de cette réforme et les limites de cette approche théorique. Cet article propose de réfléchir sur les potentielles obligations, tant politiques que morales, des salariés, des personnes âgées et de la République elle-même face à la mise en oeuvre de cette action de solidarité collective. Ainsi, il cherche à tester la pertinence et les limites du cycle de don en tant qu'outil pour l'analyse politique et sociale contemporaine de l'État Providence.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Mihaela Georgieva for her extensive comments on this article and valuable insights from political philosophy, as well as helpful discussions with Tod Hartman, who introduced me to the ideas of Mauss. I am also grateful to the reviewers and editor for their comments and encouragement. My thanks to Mathieu Solignac for his help with phrasing the abstract.

Notes

[1] Despite subtle semantic and cultural differences, for the purposes of this article I use solidarity as a default term. While fraternité is one of three Republican mottos, this often equates closely with solidarité when used rhetorically by French state actors (politicians and public managers).

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