Cause, catalyst or conjunction? The influence of the Habitats Directive on policy instrument choice in Member States

Figures & data

Figure 1. Different types of causal relationships between the introduction of the Habitats Directive and the new policy instrument.

Figure 2. Outcome-based assessment of the possible causal relationships between the new instrument, the changes in the national policy arrangement and introduction of the Habitats Directive (arrow from right to left).

Figure 3. Causal relationships between the Habitats Directive, the national policy arrangement and key features of the new policy instrument in Finland.

Figure 4. Causal relationships between the Habitats Directive, the national policy arrangement and key features of the new policy instrument in Hungary.

Figure 5. Causal relationships between the Habitats Directive, the national policy arrangement and key features of the new policy instrument in the Netherlands.

Table 1. Comparison of changes in management planning instrument.

	Finland	Hungary	Netherlands
Authoritative force	Similar	Decreased	Increased
Governance design	Targeting private owners	Targeting private owners	Targeting all stakeholders
Action content	Slightly broadened	Similar	Broadened

Table 2. Comparison of changes in national policy arrangement due to the Habitats Directive.

	Finland catalyst	Hungary concurrence	Netherlands cause
Adaptation pressure	Low	Moderate	High
Rules	No major legislative change: similar regime. 2% increase in protected area	Moderate legislative change: dual system, 62% increase in protected area	Major legislative change: stricter regime, 80% increase in protected area
Actors	Increased awareness amongst private owners due to N2000 notification	Increase in private ownership of protected areas	Involvement of new actors from various economic sectors
Discourse	Need for intervention management; new role of private owners in conservation	Acknowledgement of need for financial compensation of private owners	Increased attention for impact of conservation on economic sectors
Resources	LIFE funding	LIFE funding	LIFE funding