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Gender, Place & Culture
A Journal of Feminist Geography
Volume 21, 2014 - Issue 1
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Articles

Spaces of hidden labor: migrant women and work in nonprofit organizations

Pages 17-34 | Received 17 Oct 2011, Accepted 18 Jul 2012, Published online: 21 Jan 2013
 

Abstract

Laboring in low-paid jobs with poor conditions, migrant women are some of the most vulnerable workers in the US labor market. These women often carry a disproportionate burden at home, expected to care for children and elderly relatives and maintain a stable and loving family. Given the weight of work and family obligations, migrant women workers often turn to community-based organizations for assistance with securing work, negotiating an abusive workplace situation, and making ends meet on low wages. Increasingly, organizations are recognizing the social reproduction concerns of migrant women. In crafting responses to this reality, much work is undertaken by staff members, clients, and volunteers that is hidden from the organizations' funders, from the clients' employers, and from official statistics. The objective of this article is to reveal how and why nonprofit organizations can act as a space for the hidden labor of social reproduction, as well as for economic development experiments that account for the needs of social reproduction. Hidden labor is conceptualized as filling gaps in the social safety net created by a neoliberalizing society. In addition, it is the argument of this article that social reproduction is being reframed as a collective endeavor within organizations, where the ethic of care is potentially transforming an insidious political-economic context into a source of strength and resiliency for migrant women. Based on semi-structured interviews and participant observation in an organization in Chicago, this article provides a review of hidden labor within the space of nonprofit organizations.

Espacios de trabajo oculto: mujeres inmigrantes y el trabajo en las organizaciones sin fines de lucro

Trabajando en puestos con bajos sueldos en malas condiciones, las mujeres inmigrantes se encuentran entre los trabajadores más vulnerables del mercado laboral de los EE.UU. Estas mujeres a menudo llevan una carga desproporcionadamente pesada en el hogar, ya que se espera que sean quienes cuiden a los niños, a los familiares ancianos, y mantengan una familia estable y amorosa. Dado el peso de las obligaciones del trabajo y la familia, las trabajadoras mujeres inmigrantes a menudo se acercan a organizaciones comunitarias a buscar ayuda para conseguir trabajo, negociar alguna situación abusiva en el lugar de trabajo, y llegar a fin de mes con sus bajos ingresos. Cada vez más, las organizaciones están reconociendo las preocupaciones de reproducción social de las mujeres inmigrantes. Al elaborar respuestas a esta realidad, se lleva a cabo mucho trabajo por parte del personal, clientes, voluntarios y voluntarias, que se encuentra oculto para quienes financian a las organizaciones, los empleadores de los clientes, y las estadísticas oficiales. El objetivo de este artículo es revelar cómo y por qué las organizaciones sin fines de lucro pueden actuar como un espacio de trabajo oculto de reproducción social, así como de experimentos para el desarrollo económico que dan cuenta de las necesidades de la reproducción social. El trabajo oculto es conceptualizado como el llenado de huecos en la red de contención social creada por una sociedad cada vez más neoliberalizada. Además, este artículo argumenta que la reproducción social está siendo reenmarcada como un esfuerzo colectivo dentro de las organizaciones, donde la ética del cuidado está potencialmente transformando un contexto político-económico insidioso en una fuente de fuerza y resistencia para las mujeres inmigrantes. Basado en entrevistas semiestructuradas y en observación participante en una organización en Chicago, este artículo brinda una reseña del trabajo oculto dentro del espacio de las organizaciones sin fines de lucro.

隐藏性劳动空间:移民女性与非营利组织工作

在恶劣的环境中从事低薪工作的移民女性,是美国劳动市场中最脆弱的劳工之一。这些女性在家中承担不成比例的责任,被期待照护儿童与年迈亲属,以及维系稳定和乐的家庭。由于工作重担与家庭责任的双重负担,移民女性工作者经常转而求助社区组织来确保工作、协商工作场域的剥削情形,并以低廉的薪资满足生活所需。这些社区组织逐渐认识到女性移民者的社会再生产考量。为了回应此一现实,组织工作者、委托人以及义工私下背着组织赞助者、委托人的雇主和官方统计资料从事了诸多工作。本文旨在揭露非营利组织为何以及如何能够做为社会再生产的隐藏性劳动空间,以及负责社会再生产需求的经济发展实验场域。隐藏性劳动的概念,用来填补新自由主义化的社会所创造的社会安全网空隙之用。本文进一步主张,社会再生产被重新框架为非营利组织的集体努力,其中照护伦理正潜在地将险恶的政治经济脉络转化为移民女性的力量与弹性。本文根据半结构式的访谈以及在芝加哥一处非营利组织的参与式观察,检视非营利组织空间中的隐藏性劳动。

Acknowledgements

The author thanks the anonymous reviewers and journal editor, Peter Hopkins, for their careful attention and insightful comments during the review process, which were of great assistance. Altha Cravey and Sara H. Smith also generously provided feedback and support. All errors and omissions remain my own.

Notes

1. The names of the organization and interviewees have been changed to ensure their anonymity.

2. US immigration policy is partly responsible for this trend, as it favors people who migrate for family reunification.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Nina Martin

Nina Martin is an assistant professor in the Department of Geography and Curriculum in Global Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she is the Jordan Family Fellow of Global Studies. Nina studies the impact of immigration on labor markets, community, and civil society responses to conflicts in the low-wage labor market, the informal economy in US cities, and the transnational lives of migrants. Her work has been published in several academic journals, including Antipode, Environment and Planning A, Journal of Urban Affairs, Urban Affairs Review, and Urban Geography.

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