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Gender, Place & Culture
A Journal of Feminist Geography
Volume 22, 2015 - Issue 7
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Articles

Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work

Pages 971-986 | Received 01 Mar 2013, Accepted 07 Mar 2014, Published online: 08 Aug 2014
 

Abstract

In this article, I consider how the racialisation of Muslim identities in the French context affects the education and employment trajectories of six young French Muslim women with post-secondary education, living and working in Paris. I call attention to the pernicious effects of the intersection of three sets of governing discourses: laïcité, post-feminism and neoliberalism. These discourses obscure the way state-endorsed racialisation intersects with class and gender relations to erect barriers to Muslim women's employment opportunities. I examine the complex discursive and performative work Muslim women engage in, to inhabit, reproduce, reject or contest various interpretations of pious feminine Muslim and of French secular republican subjecthood. Work sites become important places where both pious and laïque subjectivities are often simultaneously produced and negotiated through performance and corporeality. In this way, the women's narratives challenge the discursive construction of the incompatibility of pious and secular subjectivities. Participants disrupted their racialisation as oppressed women who embody Muslimness by emphasising their individual and conscious choice to practise their religion. Yet, in doing so, and in the light of the challenges finding work for those wearing the headscarf, they were inadvertently rendered the agents of the discriminatory treatment that disadvantaged them in the labour market. The rational, free-choosing, neoliberal ‘self’ that they construct must then take individual responsibility for the negative consequences on their lives of broader collective racialising discourses.

Encarnar el Islam y Laïcité: mujeres jóvenes francesas musulmanas en el trabajo

En este artículo, considero cómo la racialización de las identidades musulmanas en el contexto francés afecta las trayectorias de educación y empleo de seis mujeres musulmanas francesas con educación post-secundaria, que viven y trabajan en París. Llamo la atención sobre los perniciosos efectos de la intersección de tres grupos de discursos gobernantes: laïcité, postfeminismo y neoliberalismo. Estos discursos ocultan la forma en que la racialización avalada por el estado se intersecta con las relaciones de clase y género para erguir barreras a las oportunidades de trabajo de las mujeres musulmanas. Analizo el complejo trabajo discursivo y performativo en el que se involucran las mujeres musulmanas, para habitar, reproducir, rechazar o disputar varias interpretaciones de la subjetividad musulmana femenina religiosa y la francesa republicana secular. Los lugares de trabajo se tornan sitios importantes donde ambas subjetividades, la devota y la laïque, son a menudo producidas simultáneamente y negociadas a través de la performance y la corporalidad. De esta forma, las narrativas de las mujeres desafían la construcción discursiva de la incompatibilidad de las subjetividades religiosas y seculares. Las participantes desestabilizaron su racialización como mujeres oprimidas que encarnan su musulmanidad enfatizando su elección individual y consciente de practicar su religión. Sin embargo, al hacerlo, y en vista de las dificultades por encontrar trabajo para aquellas que usan sus cabezas cubiertas, ellas se convirtieron inadvertidamente en las agentes del tratamiento discriminatorio que las puso en desventaja en el mercado de trabajo. El “yo” racional, de libre elección y neoliberal que construyen debe entonces asumir la responsabilidad individual por las consecuencias negativas en sus vidas de los discursos racializados colectivos más amplios.

体现伊斯兰与政教分离(Laïcité):工作中的年轻法国穆斯林女性

本文考量在法国的脉络中,穆斯林认同的种族化,如何影响六位受过高等教育、在巴黎生活并工作的年轻法国穆斯林女性的教育及就业路径。我呼吁关注以下三种治理论述的交会所带来的有害影响:政教分离、后女性主义与新自由主义。这些论述,掩盖了国家认可的种族化,与阶级和性别关係的交织,以对穆斯林女性的就业机会树立障碍的方式。我检视穆斯林女性涉入的复杂论述及展演工作,以栖身、再生产、拒绝或争夺有关虔诚的穆斯林女性和法国世俗共和主体的各种诠释。工作场所,成为经常同时透过展演和肉身性,生产与协商虔诚与世俗主体性的重要地方。以此,女性叙事挑战了虔诚及世俗主体无法相互比较的论述建构。参与者透过强调其个人有意识地选择宗教实践的方式,打断了将其视为体现穆斯林教义的受压迫女性的种族化。但她们这麽做、以及考量穿戴头巾者寻找工作之挑战,让自身不慎成为差别待遇的承受者,使之在劳动市场中处于不利的地位。她们所建构的理性、自由选择、新自由主义的“自我”,因而必须承担更广泛的集体种族化论述对其生活产生的负面后果之个人责任。

Acknowledgements

I am deeply grateful to Jane Dyson, David Hall, Dhana Hughes, Linda McDowell, Sahar Romani, AbdouMaliq Simone, Sitara Thobani, Mireille Truong and three anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments on earlier drafts of this article. Naturally, all remaining faults are my own.

Notes

1. The Trajectories and Origins post-study qualitative research initiative allowed me to access the contact information of people who had participated in an initial survey for the National Institute of Demography Studies and National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies and had indicated that they were willing to take part in further interviews.

Additional information

Funding

This research was made possible through the generous funding of the Clarendon Fund Scholarship (Oxford University Press).

Notes on contributors

Esther Rootham

Esther Rootham is currently a postdoctoral fellow in Geography at the National University of Singapore. She completed her doctoral work in Geography at the University of Oxford and her Master's also in Geography at York University, in Toronto, Canada. Her research interests include anti-racist and feminist theory and methods, the connections between economic restructuring and the production of gender, race and class and other social boundaries, embodiment, memory and landscape.

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