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Gender, Place & Culture
A Journal of Feminist Geography
Volume 22, 2015 - Issue 8
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Articles

Intergenerational comparison of education attainment and implications for empowerment of women in rural Kenya

Pages 1106-1123 | Received 09 Apr 2013, Accepted 29 Mar 2014, Published online: 11 Aug 2014
 

Abstract

An intergenerational comparison of education attainment and empowerment across two generations of Kenyan rural women population was undertaken. The study employed a longitudinal analysis of quantitative data derived from the Demographic and Health Survey databases. The survey captures relevant demographic background on the two generations of women. The study undertakes to compare the education attainment and empowerment outcome measures of socioeconomic status, household size, and fertility rates between the two cohorts of women. It also contrasts the experience of the women who accessed education in the era characterized by the welfare state (1989 cohort) with those who came of age in the austerity years of neoliberalism (2008/2009 cohort). The research established that the majority of women in both cohorts had limited access to education. However, women who accessed more education were more likely to show characteristics of empowered individuals – they had smaller households, fewer children, and were relatively wealthier. The results demonstrate that meaningful empowerment through education can only be realized if more women access levels of education beyond the basic education focus that is dominant in international development discourse.

Comparación intergeneracional de los logros educativos e implicancias para el empoderamiento de las mujeres en la Kenia rural

Se llevó a cabo una comparación intergeneracional de los logros educativos y el empoderamiento a lo largo de dos generaciones de la población de mujeres rurales en Kenia. El estudio empleó un análisis longitudinal de datos cuantitativos derivados de las bases de datos de la Encuesta de Salud y Demografía. La encuesta captura la información básica relevante sobre las dos generaciones de mujeres. El estudio lleva a cabo una comparación de las medidas de logros educativos y resultados en el empoderamiento -/–- estatus social, tamaño del grupo familiar, y tasa de fertilidad– entre las dos cohortes de mujeres. También contrasta la experiencia de las mujeres que accedieron a la educación en la época caracterizada por el estado de bienestar (cohorte 1989) con aquellas que crecieron en los años de austeridad del neoliberalismo (cohorte 2008/9). La investigación estableció que la mayoría de las mujeres en ambas cohortes tuvo acceso limitado a la educación. Sin embargo, las mujeres que tuvieron acceso a una mayor educación fueron más probables de mostrar características de individuos empoderados- tenían hogares menos numerosos, menos niños, y tuvieron relativamente un mayor nivel económico. Los resultados demuestran que un empoderamiento significativo a través de la educación puede realizarse sólo si más mujeres tienen acceso a niveles de educación que van más allá del enfoque de educación básica dominante en el discurso del desarrollo internacional.

教育取得的跨世代比较,以及对肯亚乡村女性培力的意涵

本文对肯亚乡村女性人口的两个世代的教育取得与培力,进行跨世代的比较。本研究对来自“人口与健康调查”数据集的量化数据进行长断面分析。该调查捕捉了两个世代女性的相关人口背景。本研究比较上述两大女性群体之间的教育取得,以及社经地位、家户规模和生育率的培力成果衡量。本研究同时比较在福利国家时期(1989年的群体)取得教育的女性,以及在新自由主义的紧缩年份(2008/9的群体)的女性之经验。本研究确立,上述两大群体中的大部份女性,获得教育的管道皆相当有限。但获得更多教育的女性,则更有可能展现作为受到培力的个体之特徵——她们拥有较小的家户、较少子女、并相对富裕。研究结果証实,透过教育的有意义培力,只有当更多女性取得主流国际发展论述所强调的基础教育之上的教育层级时,才有可能实现。

Acknowledgements

I want to dedicate this work to Professor Nimrod Bwibo, who passed away on 28 September 2013. Together with Professor Charlotte Neumann of the UCLA School of Public Health, they gave me the opportunity to work on a nutrition and education longitudinal research and intervention project that seeded my interest in examining generational differences in life experiences of rural women in Kenya. I am indebted to Annalisa Zox-Weaver who has always found time to edit and comment on the earlier drafts that I have created on this work along the way. I especially want to thank Avril Maddrell, Gender, Place and Culture editor, Jenny Lloyd, and the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable and constructive comments and patience that made possible this research output. The analysis for this research is possible through the generous access to the Demographic and Health Survey datasets that are a project of the Measure DHS project at Macro International Inc. I am solely responsible for any omission that may be apparent in this document.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Edith Mukudi Omwami

Edith Mukudi Omwami is Associate Professor of comparative and international studies in education at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her research interest is education gender, education finance, access, participation, and achievement. She also focuses on the intersections among nutrition and education.

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