Last chance for wildlife: making tourism count for conservation

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographics of participants (n = 924).

Demographics	Categories	(n)	%
Gender	Male	292	32%
	Female*	629	68%
	Not Reported	3	0.3%
Age	18–44 years	91	10%
	45–64 years*	532	58%
	65+ years	301	33%
Household income	£0–£30,000	227	25%
	£30,001–£60,000*	327	35%
	£60,001–£90,000	109	12%
	£90,001+	99	11%
	Not Reported	162	18%
Level of education	Pre-tertiary education (includes no qualifications, GCSEs & A-Levels)	80	9%
	Diploma / NVQ / other technical qualification	105	11%
	Undergraduate degree (e.g. BSc, BA)*	383	41%
	Postgraduate degree (MA, MSc, PhD)	332	36%
	Other	24	3%

* represents the largest category that was then used as the main reference in the later analysis.

Table 2. Binary Logistic regressions examining the predictive value of control variables (Model 1) and the additional value of adding perceptions of last chance tourism, identity with nature and first visit (Model 2) on likelihood to make a new donation during and/or after a travel experience.

	Model 1 (control variables)							Model 2 (main effects)
Variables	B	S.E.	Wald Stat.	Sig.	Odds Ratio	Odds Ratio 95% C.I.		B	S.E.	Wald Stat.	Sig.	Odds Ratio	Odds Ratio 95% C.I.
						LL	UL						LL	UL
Gender – Male (vs. female)	−0.18	0.19	0.93	.34	0.84	0.58	1.20	−0.09	0.19	0.24	.63	0.91	0.63	1.33
Age − 18–44 (vs. 45–64)	0.05	0.28	0.03	.86	1.05	0.61	1.82	−0.21	0.29	0.50	.48	0.81	0.46	1.45
Age – ≥ 65 (vs. 45–64)	−0.31	0.19	2.53	.11	0.73	0.50	1.07	−0.37	0.20	3.46	.06	0.69	0.46	1.02
Income – £0–£30,000 (vs. £30–60k)	−0.04	0.23	0.02	.88	0.96	0.62	1.51	−0.12	0.24	0.23	.63	0.89	0.56	1.42
Income – £60,001–£90,000 (vs. £30–60k)	−0.30	0.29	1.05	.31	0.74	0.42	1.31	−0.38	0.30	1.59	.21	0.68	0.37	1.24
Income – £90,001+ (vs. £30–60k)	0.02	0.29	0.00	.94	1.02	0.58	1.80	−0.09	0.30	0.09	.77	0.91	0.51	1.65
Income – prefer not to say (vs. £30–60k)	0.29	0.24	1.54	.21	1.34	0.84	2.13	0.18	0.25	0.51	.48	1.19	0.73	1.94
Education – Pre-tertiary (vs. Undergrad)	−0.21	0.35	0.35	.55	0.81	0.41	1.61	−0.23	0.36	0.43	.51	0.79	0.39	1.59
Education – Technical qual (vs. Undergrad)	0.41	0.27	2.30	.13	1.50	0.89	2.54	0.19	0.28	0.46	.50	1.21	0.70	2.08
Education – Postgraduate (vs. Undergrad)	0.18	0.19	0.92	.34	1.20	0.83	1.75	0.21	0.20	1.17	.28	1.24	0.84	1.83
Education – Other (vs. Undergrad)	−0.08	0.54	0.02	.88	0.92	0.32	2.64	−0.32	0.56	0.32	.57	0.73	0.24	2.19
International visits (vs. domestic visit)	1.06	0.28	14.36	<.001	2.88	1.67	4.98	0.64	0.30	4.63	.03	1.90	1.06	3.41
Number of nature holidays taken	0.02	0.03	0.38	.54	1.02	0.96	1.09	0.02	0.03	0.30	.59	1.02	0.95	1.09
Trust – UK charities	0.03	0.09	0.12	.73	1.03	0.87	1.22	0.02	0.09	0.04	.85	1.02	0.85	1.22
Trust – International charities	0.41	0.10	15.48	<.001	1.50	1.23	1.84	0.46	0.11	17.61	<.001	1.58	1.28	1.96
Perception of last chance tourism	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.35	0.08	19.10	<.001	1.42	1.22	1.67
First visit (vs. visited before)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.81	0.20	17.00	<.001	2.25	1.53	3.31
Identity with nature (INS)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.21	0.07	8.00	<.001	1.23	1.07	1.43
Model χ^2(df)	46.90 (15)***							102.69 (18)***
−2 Log Likelihood	895.17							839.38
Cox & Snell R^2	0.05							0.11
Nagelkerke R^2	0.08							0.17

Notes. n = 908 once missing variables removed. B = unstandardized coefficient, SE = standard error, CI = confidence interval, LL = lower limit, UL = upper limit. * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Dependent variable is dichotomous – whether or not a new donation was made during and/or after a travel experience.

Figure 1. Making tourism count for conservation. A tour operator guide to encouraging tourists to give to charity.

Table A1. Last chance tourism scale items.

I saw animals which were the last of their kind I feel I am one of the last people to see this species I feel I am one of the last people to see this landscape I saw landscapes that were damaged beyond repair The population of a species I saw is at threat from environmental change I witnessed animal habitats that were irreversibly damaged I visited before it was too late to see this species in the wild I visited before it was too late to see this landscape in pristine condition I visited because I wanted to see a species that future generations will not see

Table A2. Table with correlations between the variables used in the regression.

	Gender - Male	Age – 18-44	Age – ≥ 65	Income - £0-£30,000	Income - £60,001-£90,000	Income - £90,001+	Income - prefer not to say	Education - Pre-tertiary	Education - Diploma etc.	Education - Post-graduate	Education - Other	International	Nature holidays	Trust - UK charities	Trust - International charities	INS	LCT	Novelty
Gender − Male (vs. female )	1.00
Age − 18 − 44 (vs. 45 − 64)	0.04	1.00
Age − ≥ 65 (vs. 45 − 64)	−0.10	0.19	1.00
Income − £0−£30,000 (vs. £30 − 60k)	0.10	0.08	−0.12	1.00
Income − £60,001−£90,000 (vs. £30 − 60k)	−0.01	−0.02	0.07	0.28	1.00
Income − £90,001+ (vs. £30 − 60k)	−0.07	0.04	0.11	0.28	0.25	1.00
Income − prefer not to say (vs. £30 − 60k)	0.00	0.07	−0.01	0.38	0.28	0.29	1.00
Education − Pre − tertiary (vs. Undergrad)	−0.05	0.05	−0.02	−0.08	0.00	−0.04	−0.02	1.00
Education − technical qual (vs. Undergrad)	0.00	0.07	−0.01	−0.03	0.04	0.03	−0.04	0.20	1.00
Education − Postgraduate (vs. Undergrad)	0.01	−0.04	−0.03	0.00	−0.05	−0.09	−0.07	0.26	0.33	1.00
Education − Other (vs. Undergrad)	0.07	0.03	−0.01	0.05	0.05	−0.01	0.02	0.09	0.13	0.17	1.00
International (vs domestic visits)	−0.03	0.03	0.07	0.00	−0.04	−0.01	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07	0.00	1.00
Number of nature holidays taken	−0.04	0.00	−0.04	−0.04	−0.05	−0.08	−0.08	0.03	0.07	0.01	−0.05	0.05	1.00
Trust − UK charities	0.02	0.06	0.03	0.06	0.02	−0.02	0.14	0.00	0.05	0.00	0.03	−0.05	−0.03	1.00
Trust − International charities	−0.07	−0.03	−0.03	0.02	−0.03	0.00	−0.04	0.03	0.02	−0.06	−0.05	0.19	0.07	−0.51	1.00
Identity with Nature (INS)	0.04	−0.01	−0.05	−0.09	−0.06	−0.04	0.00	0.01	−0.08	0.02	−0.11	0.07	−0.13	0.04	−0.11	1.00
Perception of last chance tourism (LCT)	0.02	−0.09	−0.02	0.05	0.03	0.02	−0.07	−0.02	−0.05	0.03	−0.02	−0.17	−0.01	0.00	0.09	−0.12	1.00
Novelty of first visit (vs. visited before)	0.02	−0.08	−0.02	−0.06	−0.07	−0.06	−0.03	−0.02	−0.03	0.00	−0.02	−0.16	0.15	−0.08	0.21	−0.03	−0.06	1.00