Advancing a social justice-orientated agenda through research: a review of refugee-related research in tourism

Figures & data

Table 1. Towards a social justice-orientated agenda through research.

Key aspects	Description
Epistemologies and Reflexivity	Values, morals, and an ethic of care frame the research. Hearing and including the wisdom, experiences, and understandings from diverse participants. Ensuring that voices have the space and time to be heard. Revealing what has been left out, suppressed, misunderstood, and ignored. Critical reflecting and acknowledging motivations, assumptions, and researcher cultural competencies. Reflecting on the wider context, historical narratives, ideologies and structures that have shaped assumptions, knowledge and practices.
Structures, Impact and Social change	Working towards social force to re-distribute power, resources to challenge unequitable structures, institutions, ideologies, and discourses. Decolonizing methodologies. Moving beyond making academic discourse towards enacting social change. Potential benefits to the community and wider society should be the major priority of the researcher(s). Aiming to challenge and overturn oppressive and unequal practices, regulations, and societal attitudes. Restorative actions for an equitable and just future.
Research process	Collaborative decision making to identify research focus with communities to frame within the needs of the community. Involving participants in different phases of the research including data collection, analysis, and reporting. Including critical self-reflection on researcher teams’ power, biases, theoretical predispositions, and preferences. Using participatory approaches with a primary goal of social justice aims and creating spaces for dialogue using relevant methods such as, creative, visuals, song, poems, and narrative.
Relationships	Treating participants respectfully. Becoming culturally competent. Cultural experts and insiders to ensure culturally-appropriate and respectful research relationships and processes. Participants are co-researchers, collaborators for the research. Taking the time to develop a deep trusting relationship with participants. Creating research process that involves care, empathy, and compassion. Equitable partnerships, ownership and distributive justice.
Empowering	Participants are involved in leading and controlling aspects of the research. Participants to voice their stories, honouring their strengths, needs, and values. Making opportunities for mutual meaning-making process in research. Paying attention to the possible need to develop self-efficacy, education, and communication for the research team. Researchers critically reflect and are sensitive to their privilege. Recognising the rights of animals, ecology, and non-human entities. Developing capacities, education and skills.
Dissemination	Involves communities with the analysis and findings to raise awareness. Communicating and presenting the research in a form that will be useful to participants and communities. Selecting communication channels and languages that are inclusive and accessible, including those who are traditionally marginalised. Communication is delivered in a culturally appropriate and trustworthy channel/location. Making the results available to all community members. To allow diverse interpretations to be used within the research.

Figure 1. The systematic literature review process.

Table 2. The 37 studies included in the review.

Author	Year	Title	Journal
Chesney & Hazari	2003	Illegal migrants tourism and welfare: A trade theoretic approach	Pacific Economic Review
Kenny	2009	Landscapes of memory: Concentration camps and drought in Northeastern Brazil	Latin American Perspectives
Bakirci	2015	Sustainable development of rural tourism within the periphery of metropolitan areas: The Polonez Village (Istanbul, Turkey)	Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Katsanevakis	2015	Illegal immigration in the eastern Aegean Sea: A new source of Marine litter	Mediterranean Marine Science
Marschall,	2015	The role of tourism in the production of cultural memory: The case of “Homesick Tourism” in Poland	Memory Studies
Seitsonen, Herva, & Kunnari	2016	Abandoned refugee vehicles "In the Middle of Nowhere": Reflections on the global refugee crisis from the Northern Margins of Europe	Journal of Contemporary Archaeology
Simeli, Tsagaris, & Manitsaris	2016	Refugee Routes and Common Resource Pools in Tourism Areas: The Case of Lesvos Island, Greece	Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism
Pechlaner, Nordhorn, & Poppe	2016	Being a guest – perspectives of an extended hospitality approach	International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research
Cirer-Costa	2017	Turbulence in Mediterranean tourism	Tourism management perspectives
Pappas & Papatheodorou	2017	Tourism and the refugee crisis in Greece: Perceptions and decision-making of accommodation providers	Tourism Management
Shaul	2017	On shipwrecks and sea nymphs: Fragments of Maltese hospitality	Hospitality & Society
Bloch	2018	Making a community embedded in mobility: Refugees, migrants, and tourists in Dharamshala (India)	Transfers
Cater, Low, & Keirle	2018	Reworking Student Understanding of Tourism Mobility: Experiences of Migration and Exchange on a Field Trip	Tourism Planning and Development
Géraud	2018	Hmong of French Guiana and Hmong of France: From family and roots tourism towards tourism experience of existential authenticity	International Journal of Tourism Anthropology
Ivanov & Stavrinoudis	2018	Impacts of the refugee crisis on the hotel industry: Evidence from four Greek islands	Tourism Management
Melotti, Ruspini, & Marra	2018	Migration, tourism and peace: Lampedusa as a social laboratory	Anatolia
Pappas	2018	Hotel decision-making during multiple crises: A chaordic perspective	Tourism Management
Alrawadieh, Karayilan, & Cetin	2019	Understanding the challenges of refugee entrepreneurship in tourism and hospitality	The Service Industries Journal
Lugosi & Allis	2019	Migrant entrepreneurship, value-creation practices and urban transformation in São Paulo, Brazil	Brazilian Journal of Tourism Research
Musarò & Moralli	2019	De-bordering narratives on tourism and migration. A participatory action-research on two innovative Italian practices	Italian Journal of Sociology of Education
Shneikat & Alrawadieh,	2019	Unraveling refugee entrepreneurship and its role in integration: empirical evidence from the hospitality industry	The Service Industries Journal
Tsokota, von Solms, & van Greunen	2019	The reticent effect of ICT on tourism: A case study of Zimbabwe	African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure
Zenker, von Wallpach, Braun, & Vallaster	2019	How the refugee crisis impacts the decision structure of tourists: A cross-country scenario study	Tourism Management
Akhmedov, Hunter, & Choi	2020	Q method finds anti-refugee sentiments on Yemeni migration to Jeju	Tourism Geographies
Dibeh, Fakih, & Marrouch	2020	Tourism–growth nexus under duress: Lebanon during the Syrian crisis	Tourism Economics
Hochberg	2020	From heritage to refugee heritage: Notes on temporality, memory, and space	Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
Lagos et al.	2020	Narrating Hellas: tourism, news publicity and the refugee Crisis’s impact on Greece’s “Nation-Brand”	Journal of Tourism History
Tsartas et al.	2020	Refugees and tourism: a case study from the islands of Chios and Lesvos, Greece	Current Issues in Tourism
Krasteva	2017	Q method finds anti-refugee sentiments on Yemeni migration to Jeju	Tourism Geographies
Pimentel Biscaia, & Marques	2020	Dystopian dark tourism: affective experiences in Dismaland	Tourism Geographies
Alrawadieh, Altinay, Cetin, & Şimşek	2021	The interface between hospitality and tourism entrepreneurship, integration and well-being: A study of refugee entrepreneurs	International Journal of Hospitality Management
Cetin, Altinay, Alrawadieh, & Ali	2021	Entrepreneurial motives, entrepreneurial success and life satisfaction of refugees venturing in tourism and hospitality	International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management
Paraskevaidis & Andriotis,	2021	Medical volunteers as accidental tourists: humanitarianism and the European refugee crisis	Tourism Recreation Research
Shiran, Farsani, & Rajaie Rizi	2021	Isfahan as a destination for promoting historical nostalgia tourism with an emphasis on World War II memories	Journal of Heritage Tourism
Toomey	2021	The nexus of (im)mobilities: hyper, compelled, and forced mobile subjects	Mobilities
Burrai, Buda, & Stevenson,	2022	Tourism and refugee-crisis intersections: co-creating tour guide experiences in Leeds, England	Journal of Sustainable Tourism
Hoque, Faisal, & Shoeb-Ur-Rahman	2022	Destination repurposed: transformative impacts of refugee crisis	Tourism Recreation Research

Table 3. Summary of topics covered in the studies.

Topics	No. of studies
Effects of the “refugee crisis” on tourists and tourism destinations	16
Involvement of refugees in the tourism sector	7
Refugee heritage tourism	6
Mobility rights of refugees and tourists	4
Relationship between tourism, hospitality, and refugees	2
Diaspora tourism	2
Total	37