Mapping embodiment across the nexus of gender, tourism, and entrepreneurship

Figures & data

Table 1. Method overview.

Stage 1: Identifying Embodied Thematic Tensions Across Academic literature
Literature search and selection	Sample selection in two steps resulted in 445 articles across internationally recognised tourism, entrepreneurship, and gender journals from 2015 to 2021.
Analysis of academic literature	Reflexive thematic analysis sample resulted in five embodied thematic tensions.
Stage 2: Mapping Embodied Tensions Across Policy
Policy search and selection	A broad sweep approach of Welsh Government policy from 2015 to 2021, resulted in a policy sample of 15 documents.
Analysis of Welsh policy documents	Identified embodied thematic tensions guided the thematic analysis to map prevalence and recurrence of gendered body assumptions across policy sample.

Table 2. Number of articles reviewed by step and discipline.

Review Step	Tourism	Entrepreneurship	Gender	Total
1	606	282	51	937
2	248	164	33	445

Table 3. Papers included by journal and search-term.

	Tourism	Adventure	Body	Embod-iment	Entrepre-neurship	Gender	Total
Tourism Journals
Annals of Tourism Research	–	12	17	6	13	23	71
Journal of Travel Research	–	3	1	3	0	3	10
Tourism Management	–	6	9	2	12	20	49
Journal of Sustainable Tourism	–	5	1	2	9	5	22
Current Issues in Tourism	–	4	2	3	3	3	15
International Journal of Tourism Research	–	2	0	0	2	4	8
Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research	–	1	0	0	1	1	3
Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing	–	1	1	1	0	2	5
Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism	–	6	2	0	3	1	12
Tourism Geographies	–	3	1	3	1	2	10
Tourism Analysis	–	1	0	0	0	2	3
Tourism Economics	–	0	0	0	1	0	1
Tourism Management Perspectives	–	3	3	0	3	3	12
Tourism Planning and Development	–	2	0	1	2	1	6
Tourism Recreation Research	–	4	1	1	2	1	9
Tourist Studies	–	3	3	5	0	1	12
Entrepreneurship Journals
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice	0	0	0	0	–	11	11
Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal	0	0	0	0	–	0	0
Journal of Business Venturing	0	0	2	0	–	13	15
Entrepreneurship & Regional Development	0	0	2	0	–	15	17
Family Business Review	0	0	0	0	–	2	2
International Small Business Journal	1	0	0	0	–	14	15
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research	1	0	0	0	–	19	20
Journal of Small Business Management	0	0	0	0	–	12	12
Small Business Economic	1	0	0	0	–	20	21
Entrepreneurship Research Journal	1	1	0	1	–	3	6
International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Innovation	2	1	2	0	–	2	7
Journal of Social Entrepreneurship	0	0	0	0	–	2	2
Venture Capital	0	0	0	0	–	2	2
Intl Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business	0	0	0	0	–	12	12
Journal of Business Venturing Insights	0	0	1	0	–	6	7
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development	0	0	1	0	–	5	6
Journal of Family Business Strategy	0	0	1	0	–	4	5
International Review of Entrepreneurship	0	0	0	0	–	4	4
Gender Journals
Gender, Work & Organization	1	5	12	4	7	–	29
Gender & Society	0	0	2	0	0	–	2
International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship	2	0	0	0	0	–	2
TOTAL	9	63	64	32	59	218	445

Table 4. Policy sample.

Policy Focus T – Tourism E – Entrep	Year	Type	Title/Description
T	2013	Policy directive	The Welsh Government Strategy for Tourism 2013–2020 Partnership for Growth
T	2013	Action plan	Strategy for Tourism 2013–2020: Framework Action Plan Year 2
T	2016	Strategic review	Partnership for Growth: Interim Review of 2016 Priorities
T	2019	Strategic review	Ten Questions: Let’s Shape the Future
T	2020	Policy directive	Welcome to Wales: Priorities for the Visitor Economy 2020–2025
T	2016	Guidance	2016: Wales’ Year of Adventure: Make it your business to benefit from adventure travel. Here’s a step-by-step guide
T	2020	Policy directive	Visit Wales: Year of the Outdoors 2020
T	2020	Guidance	Open. Welcome to Wales: Priorities for the Visitor Economy 2020–2025
E	2019	Policy directive	Supporting Entrepreneurial Women in Wales: Good Practice Guide
E	2019	Action plan	Supporting Entrepreneurial Women in Wales: Two Year Action Plan
E	2017	Action plan	Prosperity for All: Economic Action Plan
E	2014	Policy directive	Innovation Wales
E	2018	Policy directive	Tech Valleys
E	2017	Policy statement	Tech Valleys: Vision
E	2020	Policy statement	Employability Plan

Table 5. Embodied thematic tensions.

Embodied Thematic Tensions	Explanation
The visible vs. invisible body	Bodies are invisible, assumed and taken for granted. Particular bodies (Western, white, masculinised, and feminised) are privileged; acting as a mirror from which other bodies are made more or less visible. Gendered and racial bodies do not control their own visibility and are instead invisible in relation to normative and assumed bodies.
The desired vs. problematic body	Desired bodies meet gendered and racial expectations and are not challenged. This includes bodies that are appropriate to language spoken, aesthetically idealised and authentic. Problematic bodies are positioned as disadvantaged and in deficit. Bodily differences (often aesthetic) are highlighted as in need of transformation or subversion.
The active vs. passive body	Bodies are positioned as affective and able, agency is assumed and expected. The body is active in its capacity to feel, process, and express experience. Active bodies seek opportunities to engage with the world. Passive bodies miss out, are not engaged across spaces, and do not feel the full experience.
The labouring vs. redundant body	The body is a site to be worked on and for, constantly goal orientated. To achieve this, women need to be more agentic (like men), but this must be ‘worked for’. Redundancy is not assumed or linked to progress or accomplishment. Success is active and working harder is positioned as the route to overcome bodily difference and to be accepted.
The insider vs. outsider body	Spaces and constructs are both explicitly and implicitly gendered and are assumed to be experienced differently. Gender is a clear marker of insider/outsider status and difficult to overcome. Insider status across different spaces may only be assumed once particular bodily practices have been accomplished.