Climaconeis species (Bacillariophyceae: Berkeleyaceae) from western Pacific islands, including C. petersonii sp. nov. and C. guamensis sp. nov., with emphasis on the plastids

Figures & data

Figs 1–4. Drawings of Climaconeis plastids from the literature. Figs 1–3. Mereschkowsky's (1901) Okedenia. Fig. 1. O. scopulorum. Fig. 2. O. scopulorum var. fasciculata. Fig. 3. O. inflexa. Fig. 4. Cox's (1979) Navicula scopulorum B. [Fig. 4. reprinted with permission of the British Phycological Society.]

Table 1.  Collection sites for listed records.

Guam:

GU3 Cocos Lagoon near Cocos I., approx. 13°14′28″N, 144°39′3″E

GU6 Double Reef, 13°35′46″N, 144°50′2″E, dive site

GU16 Ylig River mouth, 13°23′30″N, 144°46′10″E, muddy low intertidal rocks

GU 29 Inarajan, seaward edge of bay at river mouth

GU44 GabGab, Apra Harbor, 13°26′34″N, 144°38′34″E, dive site and reef flat

GU55 “Pete's Reef,” 13°20′49″N, 144°38′19″E, a 20-m deep commercial dive site in Agat Bay

GU59 Pago Bay reef flat near Marine Laboratory, 13°25′40″N, 144°47′52″E

GU60 Umatac Bay, 13°17′58″N, 144°39′33″E, edge of reef flat

GU61 Talofofo Bay, SW corner, 13°20′13″N, 144°45′48″E, 0–1 m below low water

Palau:

Mekeald reef at Ngeruktabel I., 7°16′15″N, 134°27′10″E, reef flat

S tip of Ulebsechel I., 7°17′55″N, 134°28′46″E, reef flat

Yap:

Y26 Taraang (O’Keefe's Island), 9°31′28″N, 138°8′18″E, diving collections from 15 m depth

Figs 5–18. Climaconeis plastids, freshly collected living cells, from Guam except as noted. Figs 5–8. C. undulata. Fig. 5–6. Valve views, the cell in 5 showing some plastids possibly joined by pyrenoids (arrows). Fig. 7. Oblique view of small cell. Fig. 8. Girdle view showing pyrenoids. Figs 9–10. C. petersonii. Fig. 9. Half of cell in valve view, composite image. Fig. 10. Central portion in girdle view, showing the conspicuous pyrenoids. Fig. 11. C. lorenzii from Palau, photographed after 24 h transport; arrowhead points to craticular bar. Figs 12–15. C. silvae valve views. Figs 12–13. Half cells showing concentration of plastids in the central area, plastids at an oblique angle in 12. Figs 14–15. Details of plastids at several angles in valve views of cells. Figs 16–17. C. riddleae (GU44Y-13) and enlargement to show striae. Fig. 18. Cells from GU44Y-13, probably C. riddleae but possibly C. guamensis, displaying pyrenoids in valve and girdle view (py). Scale bar for all = 20 µm.

Figs 19–25. Climaconeis undulata acid-cleaned valves. Figs 19–20. Two valves showing radiating stria pattern; field-collected material (GU16V), DIC. Fig. 21. Valve of Navicula scopulorum var. triundulata; slide N11/17 in Hustedt collection, prepared by Hustedt from Meister's material, photo H52078-3a courtesy of AWI (2009) (DIC). Figs 22–25. SEM of cultured cells. Fig. 22. Internal apex showing helictoglossa. Fig. 23. External apex. Fig. 24. Internal central area. Fig. 25. External central area. Scale bars: Fig. 19–21, 10 µm; 22–25 = 2 µm.

Figs 26–35. Figs 26–32. Climaconeis petersonii acid-cleaned valves, field collected material. Fig. 26. Type specimen, GU55B-4, slide 2. DIC. Figs 27–28. Details of central area and apex of type specimen. DIC. Figs 29–30. Internal and external central areas, SEM. Figs 31–32. External and internal apices, the latter showing the helictoglossa. SEM. Figs 33–34. Climaconeis lorenzii acid-cleaned valve from Yap (Y26C). Fig. 33. Frustule showing deflected central raphe endings. Fig. 34. Valvocopula with craticular bars. Fig. 35. Climaconeis silvae, portion of acid-cleaned valve; field-collected material, GU44I-2, DIC. Scale bars: Figs 26–28, 33–35 = 10 µm; Figs 29–32 = 2 µm.

Table 2.  Characteristics of selected Climaconeis species. Data from literature and present study.

Species	References^1	Plastids^2	Cell length × width, µm	Stria density in 10 µm	Valve outline	Cratic-ular bars	Raphe	Stria angle(s)^3	Puncta
C. fasciculata	Mereschkowsky 1901	20 (Pl)	72 × 6–7	–	Straight, linear	No	Straight	P R	–
	Hustedt 1961	–	64–120 × 12	20–24
	Cox 1982	–	90–120 × 10	17–19
C. scalaris	Mereschkowsky 1901	16–38 (Pl)	–	–	Straight, linear	No	Straight	P	elong. apically
	Cox 1979, 1982	8–10 (H)	68–86 × <5.5–8	20
C. undulata	Meister 1932	–	86 × 8	20	Straight, weakly undulating margin	No	Straight	P R C	rounded rectangular to irreg. long apically
	Hustedt 1961	–	–	–
	This paper	14–26 (Pl)	71–150 × 6–9	18
C. petersonii	This paper	∼80 (Pl)	350–380 × 9–10	19–20	Straight, linear	No	Straight	P	quadrangular
C. lorenzii	Cox 1982	–	130–250 × 8–9	21	Straight, slightly inflated centre, apices	Yes	Straight, central endings deflected	P	–
	Prasad et al. 2000 ^4	48–60 (H)	178–425×	16–18
	Reid & Williams 2000	–	160–180×–	20
	This study	36 (Pl)	110 × 6	15–16
C. silvae	Prasad 2003	8–20 (H?)	132–298 × 5–10	28–35	Arcuate	No	Biarcuate	P	rounded rectangular, irreg. long transapically
	This study	24–36 (Pl)	190–210 × 7–10	28–30
C. inflexa	Mereschkowsky 1901	4 (Pl)	–	–	Arcuate–lunate, weakly capitate	No	Biarcuate	P C	rounded quadrangular
	Cox 1982	–	80–220 × 7–11	19–23
	This paper	2 (H)	100 × 5–8	18
C. guamensis	This paper	2 (H)	90–120 × 3–4	33–34	Arcuate, weakly capitate	No	Biarcuate	P	rounded rectangular, irreg. long transapically
C. riddleae	Prasad 2003	(2)–4 (Pl)	82–182 × 4–5	24–27	Arcuate	No	Curved like valve	P	quadrangular, some long apically
	This paper	2 (H)	c. 100 × 3–4	27
^1 Data for plastids, cell dimensions and striae counts are given for each reference; other data unified.
^2 Plastids counted in pairs (H) or as single plates (Pl).
^3 Abbreviations: P parallel except if R weakly radiating at centre and/or C weakly convergent at apices.
^4 Prasad et al. had exceptionally long C. lorenzii with correspondingly high plastid count.

Figs 36–38. Climaconeis silvae SEM of cells cultured from Guam collection. Fig. 36. Internal and external apices and girdle bands. Figs 37. Internal central area. Fig. 38. External central area. Scale bars = 2 µm.

Figs 39–43. Climaconeis riddleae from Guam. Fig. 39. Acid-cleaned valve from GU44Y-13. Figs 40–43. SEMs from isolate ECT 3722. Figs 40–41. External and internal views of central area. Figs 42–43. Internal and external views of apex. Scale bars: Fig. 39 = 10 µm; Figs 40–43 = 2 µm.

Figs 44–49. Climaconeis guamensis acid-cleaned valves. Fig. 44. Holotype specimen, GU44Y-13, slide 1. DIC. Fig. 45. Specimen from isotype slide, isolate ECT 3737. DIC. Figs 46–49. SEM of cultured cells, isolate ECT 3737. Figs 46–47. Internal and external views of apex. Figs 48–49. External and internal views of central area. Scale bars: Figs 44–45 = 10 µm; Figs 46–49 = 2 µm.

Figs 50–52. Climaconeis guamensis from GU54A-F. Fig. 50. Live cell. Figs 51–52. SEM from whole mount of same material. Scale bars: Fig. 50 = 50 µm; Figs 51–52 = 5 µm.

Figs 53–54. Climaconeis inflexa from Guam. Fig. 53. Cell with plastids in focus. Fig. 54. Cell with striae in focus. Scale bar = 10 µm.

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