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Original Articles

Phylogenetic analysis and antibiotic activity of bacteria isolated from the surface of two co-occurring macroalgae from the Baltic Sea

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Pages 47-60 | Received 16 Mar 2012, Accepted 06 Sep 2012, Published online: 13 Mar 2013

Figures & data

Table 1.  The 42 out of 166 isolates from Fucus vesiculosus (F) and Delesseria sanguinea (D) that could be affiliated to 17 type strains previously described as associated with algae by other authors (see References). The similarity (%) to the closest type strain and the GenBank accession number are given, and the number of isolates.

Table 2.  Phylotypes (Px) associated exclusively with Fucus vesiculosus or Delesseria sanguinea, with the closest type strain (in parentheses: for the strain number see Supplementary Information 1). The phylotypes affiliate to seven classes of bacteria according to the 16S rRNA gene sequences. S, phylotype active against the standard set; M, phylotype against macroalga-associated set; – not active; nd, not determined.

Fig 1–4. Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria associated with the two algae and their most closely related type strains (with NCBI accession number). Separate phylogenetic trees are given for sequences belonging to the Bacteroidetes (Fig. 1), Proteobacteria (Fig.2), Bacilli (Fig. 3), and Actinobacteria (Fig. 4). All are neighbour-joining trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Representatives of the phylotypes from this study are shown in bold type. Non-parametric bootstrapping analysis (1000 pseudoreplicates) was conducted and values ≥ 50% are shown. The scale bars indicate the number of substitutions per nucleotide position. Phylotypes with antibiotically active bacteria are indicated by *.

Fig 1–4. Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria associated with the two algae and their most closely related type strains (with NCBI accession number). Separate phylogenetic trees are given for sequences belonging to the Bacteroidetes (Fig. 1), Proteobacteria (Fig.2), Bacilli (Fig. 3), and Actinobacteria (Fig. 4). All are neighbour-joining trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Representatives of the phylotypes from this study are shown in bold type. Non-parametric bootstrapping analysis (1000 pseudoreplicates) was conducted and values ≥ 50% are shown. The scale bars indicate the number of substitutions per nucleotide position. Phylotypes with antibiotically active bacteria are indicated by *.
Fig 1–4. Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria associated with the two algae and their most closely related type strains (with NCBI accession number). Separate phylogenetic trees are given for sequences belonging to the Bacteroidetes (Fig. 1), Proteobacteria (Fig.2), Bacilli (Fig. 3), and Actinobacteria (Fig. 4). All are neighbour-joining trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Representatives of the phylotypes from this study are shown in bold type. Non-parametric bootstrapping analysis (1000 pseudoreplicates) was conducted and values ≥ 50% are shown. The scale bars indicate the number of substitutions per nucleotide position. Phylotypes with antibiotically active bacteria are indicated by *.
Fig 1–4. Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria associated with the two algae and their most closely related type strains (with NCBI accession number). Separate phylogenetic trees are given for sequences belonging to the Bacteroidetes (Fig. 1), Proteobacteria (Fig.2), Bacilli (Fig. 3), and Actinobacteria (Fig. 4). All are neighbour-joining trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Representatives of the phylotypes from this study are shown in bold type. Non-parametric bootstrapping analysis (1000 pseudoreplicates) was conducted and values ≥ 50% are shown. The scale bars indicate the number of substitutions per nucleotide position. Phylotypes with antibiotically active bacteria are indicated by *.
Fig 1–4. Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria associated with the two algae and their most closely related type strains (with NCBI accession number). Separate phylogenetic trees are given for sequences belonging to the Bacteroidetes (Fig. 1), Proteobacteria (Fig.2), Bacilli (Fig. 3), and Actinobacteria (Fig. 4). All are neighbour-joining trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Representatives of the phylotypes from this study are shown in bold type. Non-parametric bootstrapping analysis (1000 pseudoreplicates) was conducted and values ≥ 50% are shown. The scale bars indicate the number of substitutions per nucleotide position. Phylotypes with antibiotically active bacteria are indicated by *.

Fig 5. Relative abundance (in percentage) of the different phylotypes belonging to different bacterial classes according to their origin: left, Delesseria sanguinea (D) and right, Fucus vesiculosus (F) in the different seasons (S1: July 2008, W1: January 2009, S2: July 2009, W2: January 2010). The bacterial classes are: Actinobacteria (Ac), Alphaproteobacteria (Al), Bacilli (Ba), Betaproteobacteria (Be), Cytophagia (Cy), Gammaproteobacteria (Ga) and Flavobacteria (Fl).

Fig 5. Relative abundance (in percentage) of the different phylotypes belonging to different bacterial classes according to their origin: left, Delesseria sanguinea (D) and right, Fucus vesiculosus (F) in the different seasons (S1: July 2008, W1: January 2009, S2: July 2009, W2: January 2010). The bacterial classes are: Actinobacteria (Ac), Alphaproteobacteria (Al), Bacilli (Ba), Betaproteobacteria (Be), Cytophagia (Cy), Gammaproteobacteria (Ga) and Flavobacteria (Fl).

Table 3.  Total number and percentage of phylotypes with antibiotic activity, classified according to their origin, viz. Fucus vesiculosus (a), Delesseria sanguinea (b), and strains shared by both macroalgae (c). In each case information is given about the number of strains that are active against standard test strains (‘Standard set’: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus lentus, Escherichia coli and Candida glabrata), and against the macroalga-associated strains (‘Macroalga-associated set’), the latter being reported as totals and also as ‘surface-associated strains’ (Bacillus algicola, Formosa algae and Algicola bacteriolytica) and ‘macroalgal pathogen strains’ (only Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii). The total active phylotypes represent the number of different phylotypes by algae that inhibited at least one test strain.

b. Delesseria sanguinea

c. Shared by both macroalgae

Supplemental material

Supplementary material

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