Global sampling reveals low genetic diversity within Compsopogon (Compsopogonales, Rhodophyta)

Figures & data

Table 1.  Morphology type, collection information, GenBank accession numbers and previous papers for rbcL and cox1 sequences of Compsopogon specimens used in this study. New sequences in bold

Morphology	Code	Locality, collector, latitude and longitude, collection date, and voucher herbarium	rbcL	cox1 barcode	Publication
caeruleus	AT	Austria, Pernhofen, thermal influenced section of the Pulkava River downstream from a factory wastewater outlet. Z. Žáková. 48.718° N, 16.30152° E. 19 October 2010. BIOTES laboratory, Brno, Brozikova 13, CR	JX028148	JX028189	This study
caeruleus	AU-W	Australia, Western Australia, Swan River	AF460220	−−	West et al. (2005)
caeruleus	BR-CO	Brazil, São Paulo, Conchas, Muquém River, 2 km from Route SP-300 (SP72). O.Necchi Jr. 23.038056° S, 48.115556° W. 13 June 2008. SJRP	JX028149	−−	This study
caeruleus	BR-ES3	Brazil, Espírito Santo, Domingos Martins, Rodovia ES 164. O. Necchi Jr. 20.392222° S, 41.059167° W. 18 July 2006. SJRP	JX028150	JX028172	This study
caeruleus	BR-ES6	Brazil, Espírito Santo.Cachoeira, Guandú River. O. Necchi Jr. 20.350556° S, 41.084167° W. 19 July 2006. SJRP	JX028151	JX028173	This study
caeruleus	BR-ES7	Brazil, Espírito Santo, Afonso Cláudio, Route ES-165, waterfall beside the road. O. Necchi Jr. 20.250556° S, 41.062222° W. 19 July 2006. SJRP	JX028152	JX028174	This study
caeruleus	BR-ES10	Brazil, Espírito Santo, Santa Teresa, Country Club Waterfall. O. Necchi Jr. 19.926111° S; 40.636389° W. 21 July 2006. SJRP	JX028153	JX028175	This study
caeruleus	BR-PE	Brazil, São Paulo, Pereiras, near the railroad station. O. Necchi Jr. 23.033056° S 47.950833° W. 13 June 2008. SJRP	JX028154	JX028176	This study
caeruleus	BR-PG2	Brazil, São Paulo, Pontes Gestal, Rio Preto, Cachoeira de São Roberto. O. Necchi Jr. 20.186389° S; 49.685° W. 1 June 2009. SJRP	JX028155	JX028177	This study
caeruleus	BR-SE4	Brazil, Sergipe, Lagarto, Route SE-110, 3,5 km from Campo de Brito, Rio das Traíras. O. Necchi Jr. 10.760833° S, 37.525278° W. 8 June 2006. SJRP	JX028156	JX028178	This study
caeruleus	DE	Germany, River Erft, warm waste water from a sugar refinery^2	DQ308425	−−	Yoon et al. (2006)
caeruleus	ES-209	Spain, R. Ebro. Segre, Lleida (Lleida). P. Tomás. 41.61066878° N 0.63894488 E. 13 September 2010. MUB-ALGAS	JX028157	JX028191	This study
caeruleus	ES-210	Spain, R. Ebro. Presa Pina (Zaragoza), P. Tomás. 41.55546240° N 0.67901195° W. 8 September 2010. MUB-ALGAS	JX028158	−−	This study
caeruleus	ES-211	Spain, R. Ebro. Pina de Ebro (Zaragoza), P. Tomás. 41.48168104° N 0.53652063° W. 8 September 2010. MUB-ALGAS	JX028159	−−	This study
caeruleus	GU	Guam, Mahlack River, Talofofo branch. M.L Vis, D.L. House & C. Lobban. 13.355556° N 144.722222° E^4. 1 December 2007. BHO	JX028160	JX028182	This study
caeruleus	JP	Japan, KurihashiMachi, Saitama-Ken^3	DQ308426	−−	Yoon et al. (2006)
caeruleus	US-FL	USA, Florida, Marion County, Juniper Springs, Rt. 19 6 km north of Rt. 40. M.L. Vis, W.B. Chiasson & K.W. Chiasson. 29.414167° N, 81.742778° W. 23 March 2011. BHO	JX028161	JX028179	This study
caeruleus	US-FLa	USA, Florida	AF087114	−−	Rintoul et al. (1999)
caeruleus	US-HI7	USA, Hawaii, O‘ahu, Kahana stream, Kahana State Park, Ko‘olau Poko district. M.L. Vis & A.R. Sherwood. 21.533454° N, 157.866909° W. 7 August 2001. BHO	JX028162	−−	This study
caeruleus	US-HIm	USA, Hawaii, Maui	−−	HQ423112	Sherwood et al. (2010)
caeruleus	US-LAa	USA, Louisiana	AF087116	−−	Rintoul et al. (1999)
caeruleus	US-VA	USA, Covington, Virginia, Jackson River, downstream of a paper mill. J. Zalack. 37.794444° N 79.996389° W^4. November 2006. BHO	JX028163	JX028180	This study
leptoclados	AQUA	Collected in a freshwater aquarium tank. J. Bonham. 1 November 2007. BHO	JX028164	JX028183	This study
leptoclados	BR-CI	Brasil, São Paulo, Ubatuba, Itamambuca Beach, Itamambuca River, 200 m from the sea. O. Necchi Jr. 23.405278° S; 45.011111° W. 17 January 2011. SJRP	JX028165	JX028184	This study
leptoclados	BR-CL	Brasil, São Paulo, Guaraqueçaba, Sebuí Ecological Reserve, mouth of Sebuí River. O.Necchi Jr. 25.290556° S; 42.229167° W. 21 September 2008. SJRP	JX028166	JX028185	This study
leptoclados	FM	Federated States of Micronesia, Chuuk (formerly Truk), Weno (formerly Moen), Wachen Falls. M.L. Vis, D.L. House, & K. Kanto. 7.2750° N, 151.853889° E. 3 December 2007. BHO	JX028167	JX028186	This study
leptoclados	US-HI11	USA, Hawaii, Kaua‘i, north fork of Wailua stream, Kawaihua district, M.L. Vis & A.R. Sherwood. 22.066745° N, 159.400269° W. 11 August 2001. BHO	JX028168	JX028187	This study
leptoclados	US-HIk	USA, Hawaii, Kaua‘i^5	AF087115	−−	Rintoul et al. (1999)
leptoclados	US-LA	USA, Louisiana, Spring Creek, Athus-Melder Rd. M.L. Vis & W.B. Chiasson. 31.06749° N, 92.61852° W. 26 July 2008. BHO	JX028169	JX028188	This study
leptoclados	US-NM	USA, New Mexico, Blue Hole	AF087120	−−	Rintoul et al. (1999)
leptoclados	VU-4530	Vanuatu, 15 km North of Eton Beach, small waterfall above road, on a rock with Spirogyra. J. West. 17.614444° S 168.496944° E^4. 16 June 2005. West culture collection #4530 and BHO	JF292657	JX028181	Zuccarello et al. (2011)This study
leptoclados	VU-4531	Vanuatu, Cressionnieres Cascades, 2 km North of Eton Beach waterfall, rocky with Spirogyra and Filamentous cyanobacteria. J. West. 17.739167° S 168.557778° E^4. 16 June 2005. West culture collection #4531 and BHO	−−	JX028193	This study
−−^1	AU-VIC	Australia, Victoria, Hopkins River mouth, on a rock. J. West. 38.31667° N, 142.61667° E. 25 March 1995. West Culture Collection #3479 and BHO	JX028170	JX028190	This study
−−^1	VE	Venezuela, Edo Sucre, Rio Guaire, on Bostrychia. J. West. 10.3525° N 66.828056° W^4. 10 April 1991. West Culture Collection #3152 and BHO	JX028171	JX028192	This study
^1Morphology type could not be determined because the material was immature.
^2Location information from SAG culture collection.
^3Location information from UTEX culture collection.
^4Latitude and longitude in italics are approximate locations from Google Earth.
^5Location provided in original publication; not the location (Alabama, USA) from Yoon et al. (2006).

Table 2.  Percent difference (lower left matrix) and base pair changes (upper right matrix) among the seven unique rbcL haplotypes for Compsopogon specimens. Location codes as in Table 1

Code	AQUA^1	US-HI7^2	ES-209^3	BR-ES7	BR-PG2	FM	US-LA
AQUA^4	−	5	5	3	4	5	7
US-HI7^4	0.5	−	6	6	7	6	2
ES-209	0.5	0.6	−	2	3	2	4
BR-ES7	0.3	0.6	0.2	−	1	2	4
BR-PG2	0.4	0.7	0.3	0.1	−	3	5
FM	0.5	0.6	0.2	0.2	0.3	−	4
US-LA	0.7	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	−
^1 Twenty-one additional identical sequences as follows: AT, AU, DE, ES-211, BR-CI, BR-CL, BR-CO, BR-ES3, BR-ES6, BR-ES10, BR-PE, BR-SE4, GU, JP, US-FL, US-FLa, US-HI11, US-VA, VE and VU-4530.
^2 Two additional identical sequences as follows: US-NM, US-LAa.
^3 One additional identical sequence as follows: ES-210.
^4 These haplotypes include ‘caeruleus’ and ‘leptoclados’ morphologies.

Table 3.  Percent difference (lower left matrix) and base pair changes (upper right matrix) among the seven unique cox1 barcode haplotypes for Compsopogon specimens. Codes as in Table 1

Code	AQUA^1	BR-ES6^2	BR-CL	BR-ES3	BR-ES10	BR-SE4	US-LA
AQUA^3	−	1	1	2	2	1	11
BR-ES6	0.2	−	2	1	1	2	12
BR-CL	0.2	0.4	−	3	3	2	12
BR-ES3	0.4	0.2	0.5	−	2	3	13
BR-ES10	0.4	0.2	0.5	0.4	−	3	13
BR-SE4	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	−	12
US-LA	1.7	1.9	1.9	2.0	2.0	1.9	−
^1Fifteen additional identical sequences as follows: AT, AU, BR-CI, BR-ES7, BR-PE, ES-209, FM, GU, US-FL, US-HI11, US-HIm, US-VA, VE, VU-4530 and VU-4531.
^2One additional identical sequence as follows: BR-PG2.
^3This haplotype includes ‘caeruleus’ and ‘leptoclados’ morphologies.

Table 4.  Physical and chemical parameters of collection locations. Codes as in Table 1

Code	pH	Temperature ºC	Specific conductivity µS^.cm^−1	Ecoregion^1
AT	8.0	12.1	209	Temperate broadleaf forest
BR-CO	7.4	17.3	247	Brazilian savannah
BR-ES3	6.5	15.0	24	Atlantic rain forest
BR-ES6	7.0	15.9	32	Atlantic rain forest
BR-ES7	6.4	16.9	19	Atlantic rain forest
BR-ES10	6.7	15.3	18	Atlantic rain forest
BR-PE	7.2	19.3	685	Brazilian savannah
BR-PG2	7.1	21.3	79	Seasonal semi-deciduous forest
BR-SE4	7.6	24.4	280	Atlantic rain forest
ES-209	7.6	21.9	608	Mediterranean low altitude mountains
ES-210	7.6	21.5	1766	Mediterranean low altitude mountains
ES-211	7.6	21.9	1024	Mediterranean low altitude mountains
FM	8.3	28.4	50	Tropical
GU	8.0	27.7	280	Tropical
US-HI11	8.1	22	90	Tropical rain forest
US-LA	6.6	24	50	South-eastern plain
US-VA	—	—	600–1000	Temperate forest – ridge and valley
US-HI7	7.8	24.4	120	Tropical rain forest
^1Ecoregions: Austria (Olson et al., 2001), Brazil (Ab'Saber, 2006), Hawaii (Ziegle, 2002), Spain (Toro et al., 2009), US mainland – Level III (Omernik 1987).

Figs 1. World map showing locations of the new specimens sequenced for this study (stars) and previously sequenced specimens from GenBank (circles). Location codes as in Table 1.

Figs 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis tree (-Ln 11094.402668) showing the relationships within the Compsopogonales (with representatives of Compsopogon and Boldia) based on rbcL gene data, with the Erythropeltidales as the outgroup. Nodes with filled circles had statistical support ≥ 0.90 Bayesian posterior probability and 90 ML bootstrap values. Branches without values had statistical support < 0.70 posterior probability and 70 ML bootstrap. Haplotypes marked with * represent more than one sequence. Haplotypes AQUA and US-HI7 correspond to AF087115 and DQ308425, respectively: see Tables 1 and 2 for information on haplotypes.

Figs 3–6. Compsopogon caeruleus: photomicrographs of important morphological features for both the ‘caeruleus’ and ‘leptoclados’ morphologies. Location codes as in Table 1. 3. Early cortication of ‘caeruleus’ morphology showing regular cortication. Specimen from BR-ES7. 4. Early cortication of ‘leptoclados’ morphology showing irregular cortication and rhizoidal cells (arrow-heads). Specimen from BR-CL. 5. Surface view of ‘caeruleus’ morphology showing regular (polygonal) cortical cells and monosporangia (arrowheads). Specimen from BR-ES3. 6. Surface view of ‘leptoclados’ morphology showing monosporangia (arrowheads), microsporangia (arrow) and rhizoidal cell (double arrowhead). Specimen from BR-CL. Scale bars = 50μm.

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