Phycocalidia species (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), from the warm West Coast of India

Figures & data

Table 1. Occurrence of Porphyra and Phycocalidia species along Indian coasts

Taxon	Phycocalidia vietnamensis	Phycocalidia acanthophora var. robusta	Phycocalidia suborbiculata	Phycocalidia kanyakumariensis	Porphyra chauhanii	Porphyra indica	Porphyra okhaensis	Porphyra malvanensis
Authority	(Tak.Tanaka & P.H.Hô 1962) Santiañez & M.J.Wynne	MG Kavale, MA Kazi & N Sreenadhan	(Kjellman) Santiañez & M.J.Wynne	V.Krishnamurthy & M.Baluswami	C.Anilkumar & M.V.N.Panikkar	V.Krishnamurthy & M.Baluswami	H.V.Joshi, R.M.Oza & A.Tewari	C.Anilkumar & P.S.N.Rao
Season	Monsoon	Monsoon	Monsoon	Monsoon	Monsoon	Winter	Winter	Monsoon
Location	Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh	Cola, Goa	Gale, Sri Lanka	Kovakam, Tamil Nadu	Thrimullavaram, Kerala	Boria reef, Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat	Okha reef, Gujarat	Malvan, Maharashtra
Subsequent location after their formal report	Konkan coast, Maharashtra, Goa	Redi, Malvan, Dona Paula, Vayangani,	Thrimullavaram, Kerala	Kerala (Calicut, Cannanore, Varkala, Mulloor)	-	-	-	-
Holotype/lectotype No.	-	CAL/ALG/049	-	4830	124	4846	05	177441
Herbarium deposited at	-	Botanical Survey of India, kolkatta	-	Centre for Advance studies in Botany, University of Madras, Tamil Nadu	Department of Botany, See Narayana college, Kollam, Kerala	Centre for Advance studies in Botany, University of Madras, Tamil Nadu	Central Salts & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gujarat	Botanical Survey of India, Western Circle, Pune
Reference	Umamaheswara Rao & Sreeramulu (1963)	Kavale et al. (2015a, 2017)	Svedelius (1906)	Krishnamurthy & Baluswami (1984)	Anilkumar and Panikkar (1997)	Krishnamurthy & Baluswami (1984)	Joshi et al. (1992)	Anilkumar & Rao (2005)

Fig. 1. ML phylogenetic tree based on based on rbcL sequence data. Bootstrap values and aLRT (> 0.5) for ML analysis are shown at nodes

Fig. 2. ML phylogenetic tree based on COI-5P sequence data. aLRT (> 0.5) for ML analysis are shown at nodes

Figs 3–10. Habit and anatomy of Phycocalidia sukshma. Fig. 3. Habit. Fig. 4. Surface view of blade showing spermatangia. Fig. 5. Spinulose margin of the thallus. Fig. 6. Surface view of blade showing zygotosporangia. Fig. 7. Surface view of blade showing vegetative cells. Fig. 8. Cross-section of blade through zygotosporangia. Fig. 9. Cross-section of blade through vegetative cells. Fig. 10. Cross-section of blade through spermatangia. Scale bars = 10 µm

Figs 11–18. Habit and anatomy of Phycocalidia kanyakumariensis. Fig. 11. Habit of P. kanyakumariensis. Fig. 12. Spinulose margin of the thallus. Fig. 13. Cross-section of blade through zygotosporangia. Fig. 14. Cross-section of blade through spermatangia. Fig. 15. Surface view of blade showing vegetative cells. Fig. 16. Cross-section of blade through vegetative cells. Fig. 17. Surface view of blade showing zygotosporangia. Fig. 18. Surface view of blade showing spermatangia. Scale bars = 10 µm

Table 2. Comparative morphological analysis of Phycocalidia species

Characters	Phycocalidia sukshma	Phycocalidia vietnamensis	Phycocalidia acanthophora	Phycocalidia acanthophora var. robusta	Phycocalidia suborbiculata	Phycocalidia kanyakumariensis	Phycocalidia islae	Phycocalidia lunae	Phycocalidia tanegashimensis	Phycocalidia denticulata
Thallus height (cm)	up to 10	4–7	-	up to 24	3–10	up to 34	up to 9	up to 13	3–17	up to 6.5
Thallus width (cm)	up to 4	0.5–2.5	up to 9	up to 14	3–8	up to 9			0.5–7
Thallus shape (cm)	lanceolate	lanceolate	orbicular	orbicular to ovate and lanceolate to oblanceolate	ovate-reniform with minute stipe	lanceolate to ovate	linear to lanceolate	broadly lanceolate, reniform, to subobicular	Linear to lanceolate	Round, ovate to lanceolate
Holdfast	discoid	rhizoids	discoidal	discoid	rhizines	rhizines	discoid	discoid	rhizoids	-
Blade margin	wavy	undulate	wavy	wavy	serrate	wavy	undulate	undulate	undulate	undulate
Texture	membranous	membranous	membranous	robust	membranous	-	-	-	-	-
Thickness of the thallus in vegetative state (µm)	17.5–22	18–24	23–60	49–53	28–50	40–50	-	-	25–33	12–20
Thickness of the thallus in reproductive stage (µm)	20–23	18–24	23–60	53–66	38–44	61–76	30–40	35–50	25–33	12–20
Presence of denticulation	very rarely present	present	present	abundantly present	present	present	present	present	present	present
Number and formula of spermatangia	16(a/2, b/2, c/4)	64(a/4,b/4,c/4)	64	256(a/8, b/4, c/8)	64(a/4, b/4,c/4)	128(a/4,b/4,c/8)	32(a/2, b/4, c/4)	32(a/2, b/4, c/4)	64(a/4, b/4,c/4)	64(a/4, b/2,c/8)
Number and formula of zygotosporangia	8(a/2, b/2, c/2)	8(a/2, b/2, c/2)	16	16(a/2, b/2, c/4)	32(a/2, b/4,c/4)	16(a/2b/2,c/4)	8(a/2, b/2,c/2)	8(a/2, b/2, c/2)	8(a/2, b/2, c/2)	8(a/2, b/2, c/2)
Distribution of reproductive bodies	stripes, irregular patches	mixed, irregular patches	mixed	stripes, irregular patches, mixed	irregular patches	mixed	mixed	-	stripes	-

Tanaka, T. & Ho, P.H. (1962). Notes on some marine algae from Viet-Nam-I. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University, 11(1): 34–36.

 Google Scholar

Umamaheswara Rao, U.M. & Sreeramulu, T. (1963). Vertical zonation and seasonal variation in the growth of Porphyra on Visakhapatnam coast. Current Science, 32: 173–174.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kavale, M.G., Kazi, M.A. & Sreenadhan, N. (2015a). Pyropia acanthophora var. robusta var. nov. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) from Goa, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 44: 1–8.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kavale, M.G., Kazi, M.A., Sreenadhan, N. & Murugan P. (2017). Nutritional profiling of Pyropia acanthophora var. robusta (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) from Indian waters. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29: 2013–2020.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Svedelius, N. (1906). Ueber die Algenvegetation eines ceylonsichen korallenriffes mit besonderer Rücksicht auf ihre Periodizitat Botaniska Studier till F.R. Kjellman, Uppsala, pp. 184–220.

 Google Scholar

Krishnamurthy, V. & Baluswami, M. (1984). The species of Porphyra from the Indian region. Seaweed Research Utilization, 7: 31–38.

 Google Scholar

Anilkumar, C. & Panikkar, M.V.N. (1997). Indian species of Porphyra (Rhodophyceae, Bangiales). Feddes Repertorium, 108: 419–423.

 Google Scholar

Joshi, H.V., Oza, R.M. & Tewari, A. (1992). Life cycle and growth of Porphyra okhaensis sp. nov. in culture. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 21: 262–267.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Anilkumar, C. & Rao, P.S.N. (2005). A new species of Porphyra (Rhodophyta, Bangiales) from the Malvan coast of Maharashtra (India). Feddes Repertorium, 116: 222–225.

 Google Scholar