K⁺-Cl⁻ co-transporter 2 (KCC2) – a membrane trafficking perspective

Figures & data

Figure 1. A schematic diagram illustrating the better known regulatory points of KCC2 activity and trafficking itinerary. The inset illustrates the membrane topology of KCC2 and important phosphorylation sites at its C-terminal cytoplasmic tail discussed in the text. The longer arrows indicate the various routes of KCC2 trafficking (blue – exocytosis; green – endocytosis and recycling, dashed – degradation), while the shorter arrows indicate phosphorylation (red, dashed) and dephosphorylation (black, solid) processes. Abbreviations: N: Nucleus; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; PM: plasma membrane; GA: Golgi apparatus; EE: early endosome; LE: late endosome; L: lysosomes; PTP: protein tyrosine phosphatases; PP1: protein phosphatase 1; PKC: protein kinase C; WNK: With-no-lysine kinase; SPAK: Ste20-related proline alanine-rich kinase; OSR1: Oxidative stress response kinase; APP: amyloid precursor protein; NMDA-R: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; GABA_A-R: GABA_A receptor; mZnR: metabotropic Zn²⁺ receptor.