The shaping of ‘Southern’ sustainability standards in a value chain world: comparative evidence from China and India

Figures & data

Table 1. Multi-scalar governance actors.

	National	Global
Private (for profit)	Domestic lead firms	MNCs or GVC lead firms
Private (not for profit)	Local NGOs, Trade Unions Consumer Movements CSO	Global NGOs Global Trade Union Bodies
Public	National and Regional Government and Regulatory Frameworks	International Organisations Multilateral Trade Regulations

(Source: Adapted from Nadvi & Wältring, 2004).

Table 2. Interviews in China.

Interviewee type (China)	Number of participants (China)	Location of interviews (China)^1
MNC Lead Firms	3	Hong Kong
Chinese textile and apparel companies	19	Beijing, Guangdong province, Hong Kong, Zhejiang province
Chinese Business Associations (national level)	5	Beijing
Chinese Business Associations (provincial and local level)	11	Guangdong province, Zhejiang province
International non-firm actors	11	Beijing, Guangdong province, Hong Kong, Shanghai
Other organisations	6	Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang province
TOTAL:	55

(Source: Author's Data).

Table 3. Interviews in India.

Interviewee type (India)	Number of participants (India)	Location of interviews (India)
MNC Lead Firms	2	Bengaluru; Kolkata
Supplier firms	7	Kolkata
Business Associations	1	Ooty (Tamil Nadu)
Smallholder Federations	2	Jalpaiguri
Government officials	3	Jalpaiguri
Global Institutions	4	Delhi
National NGOs	21	Bengaluru; Delhi; Kolkata
Global NGOs	13	London; Amsterdam; Utrecht
Trade Unions	6	Delhi; Kolkata
TOTAL:	59

(Source: Author's Data).

Figure 1. Chinese exports of apparel to global North and global South.

(Source: UN Comtrade, 2020).

Table 4. Production (million kg) of plantations/registered tea gardens vs smallholders in India.

	North India	South India	All India
Registered Tea Gardens and Plantation Estates	575.46	116.80	692.26 (52%)
Small Tea Growers	538.30	108.07	646.37 (48%)
Total	1113.76	224.87	1338.63

(Source: India Tea Association, 2019).

Figure 2. Exports of Indian tea to the global North and global South 2000–2018 (USD).

(Source: UN Comtrade, 2020).

Figure 3. Changing volume of tea production for exports versus domestic market 2000–2018 (in million kg).

(Source: India Tea Association, 2019).

Table 5. Actors involved in shaping CSC9000T.

	State	Private sector/lead firms	Civil society
Southern actors	CNTAC MIIT NDRC	CNTAC Chinese textile and apparel companies, e.g. pilot companies
Northern actors	EC (indirectly, through pressure around market access quotas)	BSCI Individual brands & retailers, e.g. Hudson’s Bay	SA8000 (indirectly, as a point of reference)

(Source: Braun-Munzinger, 2018).

Table 6. Private actors shaping Trustea’s development: global-local intersections.

	State	Private sector/lead firms	Civil society
Southern actors	Tea Board of India, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India	Hindustan Unilever, Tata Global Beverages	Solidaridad Asia
Northern actors	IDH, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Netherlands	Unilever, Tata Global Beverages	Solidaridad, Rainforest Alliance

(Source: Authors’ construction).

Nadvi, K., & Wältring, F. (2004). Making sense of global standards in local enterprises in the global economy. Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 53–94.

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UN Comtrade. (2020). UN Comtrade Database. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://comtrade.un.org/

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Braun-Munzinger, C. (2018). [Business associations and the governance of sustainability, standards in global production networks: The case of the CSC9000T standard in the Chinese apparel sector]. [PhD thesis]. The University of Manchester.

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